Refactor rendering projects

.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+*.dll filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

ARCHITECTURE_CN.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# GhostEngine 架构详解
+
+本文档深入探讨 GhostEngine 核心模块的设计实现，为协同开发提供详细的技术参考。
+
+## 1. 实体组件系统 (Ghost.Entities)
+
+Ghost.Entities 采用 Archetype (原型) 模式，旨在优化大规模实体的遍历效率和内存布局。
+
+### 1.1 核心组件
+- **World**: 包含实体生命周期管理的顶层容器，包含 `EntityManager`。
+- **Archetype**: 定义了一组特定组件的组合。具有相同组件集的所有实体都存储在同一 Archetype 中。
+- **Chunk**: Archetype 内部的数据块，按列存储 (Columnar Storage) 组件数据，以确保对单个组件的线性访问具备极佳的 CPU 缓存亲和性。
+- **EntityQuery**: 通过位掩码 (Bitmask) 快速匹配 Archetype，支持 `WithAll`, `WithAny`, `WithNone` 过滤规则。
+
+### 1.2 并行处理
+- 实体查询支持多线程作业系统 (Job System) 迭代。
+- **EntityCommandBuffer (ECB)**: 允许在并行作业中排队待处理的实体修改请求 (如创建、删除、添加组件)，并在单线程同步点进行统一应用，以避免竞态条件。
+
+## 2. 渲染架构 (Ghost.Graphics)
+
+渲染系统设计目标是支持高效、现代的图形渲染流水线，同时降低 D3D12 的开发复杂度。
+
+### 2.1 RHI (渲染硬件接口)
+RHI 位于 `Ghost.Graphics.RHI` 命名空间下，抽象了底层的渲染资源：
+- **IRenderDevice**: 逻辑渲染设备。
+- **ICommandBuffer**: 用于录制 GPU 指令。
+- **IPipelineLibrary**: 缓存并管理渲染管线状态对象 (PSO)。
+- **IResourceDatabase**: 管理显存资源 (Buffer, Texture) 及其生命周期。
+
+### 2.2 Render Graph (渲染图)
+Render Graph 是图形模块的核心组件，负责帧内资源的依赖分析和自动调度：
+- **Pass Builder**: 在帧开始阶段，每个 Pass 声明其读取 (`Read`) 和写入 (`Write`) 的资源。
+- **Resource Aliasing**: 自动识别不重叠的资源生命周期，实现显存的物理地址复用。
+- **Automatic Barrier**: 自动根据资源的读写关系插入 `ResourceBarrier` (例如从 `RenderTarget` 状态转换到 `PixelShaderResource` 状态)。
+
+### 2.3 自定义着色器语言 (Ghost.DSL)
+引擎支持 `.gshdr` 文件，其语法借鉴了 HLSL 但增强了元数据支持：
+- **自动属性映射**: DSL 编译器会解析着色器定义的属性，并自动生成与之匹配的 C# 结构体 (`ShaderStructGenerator`)，简化 CPU 到 GPU 的数据传递。
+
+## 3. 编辑器架构 (Ghost.Editor)
+
+编辑器框架采用模块化设计，重点在于扩展性和资源工作流。
+
+### 3.1 资源数据库 (Asset Database)
+- **AssetRegistry**: 通过资源文件的 GUID 进行追踪，支持跨文件引用的完整性校验。
+- **AssetProcessor**: 插件化系统，针对不同文件扩展名 (如 `.png`, `.fbx`) 提供特定的导入和转换逻辑 (如调用 Nvtt 压缩纹理)。
+
+### 3.2 检查器 (Inspector)
+- **Service-driven**: `InspectorService` 动态检测当前选中实体的组件列表，并根据组件类型匹配对应的 `ComponentEditor` 进行 UI 渲染。
+- **Data Binding**: 利用 `ReflectionBinding` 实现编辑器 UI 与运行时组件数据的双向同步。
+
+## 4. 核心设计原则 (Core Design Principles)
+
+项目在底层代码中遵循以下核心设计原则，以确保高性能和系统稳定性：
+
+### 4.1 Result over Exception (结果对象胜于异常)
+在引擎的核心运行时（尤其是 `Ghost.Graphics` 和 `Ghost.Entities`）中，我们避免使用异常来处理预期的错误。
+- **Result 结构体**: 使用 `Ghost.Core.Result` 或 `Result<T>` 结构体返回操作结果。
+- **性能**: 避免了异常产生的堆栈跟踪开销。
+- **显性处理**: 强制调用者检查 `IsSuccess` 或使用 `Deconstruct` 模式处理错误，使错误流更加清晰。
+
+### 4.2 Handle over Ptr/Reference (句柄胜于指针/引用)
+为了内存安全和支持序列化，引擎广泛使用句柄而非直接的内存指针。
+- **Handle<T>**: 资源（如 `Texture`, `Buffer`, `Entity`）通过强类型句柄进行引用。
+- **安全性**: 防止野指针问题，支持资源的延迟加载和卸载，而不破坏引用。
+- **解耦**: 句柄作为后端资源的索引，使得底层的资源管理器（如 `D3D12ResourceDatabase`）可以自由地重新分配或移动物理资源。
+
+## 5. 协同开发建议
+
+
+- **跨项目引用**: 尽量避免 `Runtime` 项目引用 `Editor` 项目。`Editor` 应依赖 `Runtime` 以提供实时预览。
+- **性能关键点**: 在 `Ghost.Entities` 和 `Ghost.Graphics` 模块中，应尽量避免堆内存分配 (GC Allocation)，优先使用 `Span<T>`, `Memory<T>` 及非托管内存。
+
+---
+*注：本架构基于当前代码实现，如有变更将及时更新文档。*

DEVELOPMENT_CN.md

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# GhostEngine 开发指南
+
+欢迎参与 GhostEngine 项目。本文档旨在帮助你快速了解项目的当前状态、架构设计、开发规范及环境配置。
+
+## 1. 开发环境要求 (Prerequisites)
+
+在开始开发之前，请确保你的开发环境满足以下要求：
+
+- **操作系统**: Windows 10 版本 1809 (17763) 或更高版本。
+- **IDE**: Visual Studio 2022 (建议使用最新预览版以支持 .NET 10)。
+- **.NET SDK**: .NET 10.0 SDK。
+- **Windows App SDK**: 项目目前使用 Windows App SDK (WinUI 3) 版本 1.8.260101001。
+- **显卡**: 支持 DirectX 12 (Feature Level 11.0+) 的显卡。
+- **Visual Studio 工作负载**:
+  - .NET 桌面开发
+  - 使用 C++ 的桌面开发 (部分第三方库包装需要)
+  - 通用 Windows 平台开发 (用于 Windows App SDK 支持)
+
+## 2. 项目结构 (Project Structure)
+
+项目代码主要位于 `src` 目录下，按功能分为三个主要部分：
+
+### 2.1 Runtime (引擎运行时)
+- **Ghost.Graphics**: 图形渲染核心。包含 RHI (渲染硬件接口) 定义及其 D3D12 实现。集成了 Render Graph (渲染图) 模块用于管理复杂的渲染流水线。
+- **Ghost.Entities**: 基于 Archetype (原型) 的高性能 ECS (实体组件系统) 实现。包含 `World`, `EntityManager`, `EntityQuery` 等核心组件。
+- **Ghost.Engine**: 引擎基础逻辑。包含场景管理 (`Scene`)、基础组件 (如 `Hierarchy`, `LocalToWorld`) 及数学工具类。
+
+### 2.2 Editor (编辑器)
+- **Ghost.Editor**: 基于 WinUI 3 编写的桌面编辑器前端。采用 MVVM 架构。
+- **Ghost.Editor.Core**: 编辑器框架层。包含资源管理 (`AssetRegistry`)、检查器服务 (`InspectorService`)、场景树管理 (`SceneGraph`) 等非 UI 逻辑。
+- **Ghost.DSL**: 引擎自定义着色器语言 (GSL) 的编译器和解析器，用于处理着色器代码生成。
+
+### 2.3 ThirdParty (第三方库)
+- 包含对 FMOD (音频)、Nvtt (纹理压缩)、MeshOptimizer (模型优化) 等 C++ 库的 C# 包装。
+
+## 3. 命名规范 (Naming Conventions)
+
+项目严格遵守以下 C# 编程规范：
+
+- **命名空间**: 以 `Ghost.` 开头，后跟模块名 (例如 `Ghost.Graphics.D3D12`)。
+- **类与方法**: 使用 `PascalCase` (大驼峰命名法)。
+- **私有字段**: 使用 `_camelCase` (下划线前缀的小驼峰命名法)。
+- **接口**: 必须以 `I` 作为前缀 (例如 `IRenderDevice`)。
+- **异步方法**: 必须以 `Async` 作为后缀 (例如 `LoadAssetAsync`)。
+- **实现类**: 针对接口的具体实现应体现技术细节 (例如 `D3D12GraphicsEngine` 实现了 `IGraphicsEngine`)。
+
+## 4. 架构设计与模式 (Architecture & Patterns)
+
+### 4.1 ECS (Entity Component System)
+运行时逻辑优先使用 ECS 模式以获得最佳的缓存命中率和并行性能：
+- **Entity**: 纯 ID。
+- **Component**: 纯数据结构 (Struct)。
+- **System**: 处理特定组件组合的逻辑类。
+
+### 4.2 RHI & Render Graph
+- **RHI (Render Hardware Interface)**: 抽象了底层的图形 API。目前主要实现为 D3D12，通过 Vortice.Windows 进行绑定。
+- **Render Graph**: 采用有向无环图 (DAG) 管理每一帧的渲染顺序、资源屏障 (Resource Barriers) 和资源复用，简化了 D3D12 的资源管理负担。
+
+### 4.3 MVVM & Service Pattern (Editor)
+编辑器部分遵循：
+- **MVVM**: 分离 UI (`View`) 与业务逻辑 (`ViewModel`)。
+- **Service/Contract**: 通过接口定义服务 (如 `IAssetRegistry`)，并利用依赖注入 (Dependency Injection) 进行解耦。
+
+### 4.4 核心设计原则 (Core Design Principles)
+- **Result over Exception (结果对象胜于异常)**: 在核心运行时中，避免使用 `throw` 处理预期错误，优先返回 `Ghost.Core.Result` 结构体，以提高性能和错误流的可控性。
+- **Handle over Ptr/Reference (句柄胜于指针/引用)**: 资源引用（如实体、纹理、缓冲区）应优先使用 `Handle<T>`，避免持有直接的内存地址，以确保资源管理的安全性并支持高效序列化。
+
+## 5. 核心逻辑当前状态
+
+- **渲染系统**: 已具备基础的 D3D12 渲染器、Render Graph 编译器及简单的 Mesh 渲染 pass。支持自定义着色器加载。
+- **实体系统**: 已实现 Archetype-based ECS，支持高性能的实体查询 (`EntityQuery`) 和作业系统迭代。
+- **资源管理**: 编辑器端已实现初步的资产数据库 (`AssetRegistry`)，支持纹理和模型的导入流程。
+- **场景管理**: 支持基础的层级结构 (`Hierarchy`) 和变换同步 (`LocalToWorld`)。
+
+---
+*注：关于后续的开发计划 (TODO) 及改进方向，我将直接通过会议或即时通讯工具进行沟通。*

src/Editor/Ghost.Editor.Core/AssetHandler/AssetHandler.cs

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public static class AssetHandlerExtensions
         return await handler.ExportAsync(assetStream, targetStream, options, token);
     }
 
-    public static async ValueTask<Result<Asset>> ReadAsync(this IAssetHandler handler, string assetFilePath, IAssetRegistry assetDatabase, CancellationToken token = default)
+    public static async ValueTask<Result<Asset>> LoadAsync(this IAssetHandler handler, string assetFilePath, IAssetRegistry assetDatabase, CancellationToken token = default)
     {
         await using var sourceStream = new FileStream(assetFilePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read);
         return await handler.LoadAsync(sourceStream, assetDatabase, token);

src/Editor/Ghost.Editor.Core/AssetHandler/TextureAsset.cs

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.Image;
 using System.Buffers;
+using System.Configuration;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using TerraFX.Interop.Windows;
+using static Ghost.Editor.Core.AssetHandler.TextureAssetSettings;
 
 namespace Ghost.Editor.Core.AssetHandler;
 
@@ -211,8 +214,14 @@ public class TextureAssetSettings : IAssetSettings
     {
         get; set;
     } = new SamplerSettings();
+}
 
-    public async ValueTask<Result<long>> WriteToStreamAsync(Stream stream, CancellationToken token = default)
+[CustomAssetHandler(ID = TextureAsset._TYPE_ID, SupportedExtensions = new[] { ".png", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".tga", ".bmp", ".hdr" })]
+internal class TextureAssetHandler : IImportableAssetHandler
+{
+    private const int _CURRENT_VERSION = 1;
+
+    private static async ValueTask<Result<long>> WriteSettingsToStreamAsync(TextureAssetSettings settings, Stream stream, CancellationToken token = default)
     {
         var size = Unsafe.SizeOf<BasicSettings>() + Unsafe.SizeOf<AdvancedSettings>() + Unsafe.SizeOf<SamplerSettings>();
         var tempArray = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(size);
@@ -220,9 +229,9 @@ public class TextureAssetSettings : IAssetSettings
         try
         {
             ref byte address = ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(tempArray);
-            Unsafe.WriteUnaligned(ref address, Basic);
+            Unsafe.WriteUnaligned(ref address, settings.Basic);
-            Unsafe.WriteUnaligned(ref Unsafe.Add(ref address, Unsafe.SizeOf<BasicSettings>()), Advanced);
+            Unsafe.WriteUnaligned(ref Unsafe.Add(ref address, Unsafe.SizeOf<BasicSettings>()), settings.Advanced);
-            Unsafe.WriteUnaligned(ref Unsafe.Add(ref address, Unsafe.SizeOf<BasicSettings>() + Unsafe.SizeOf<AdvancedSettings>()), Sampler);
+            Unsafe.WriteUnaligned(ref Unsafe.Add(ref address, Unsafe.SizeOf<BasicSettings>() + Unsafe.SizeOf<AdvancedSettings>()), settings.Sampler);
 
             await stream.WriteAsync(tempArray.AsMemory(0, size), token).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
@@ -238,7 +247,7 @@ public class TextureAssetSettings : IAssetSettings
         }
     }
 
-    public async ValueTask<Result<IAssetSettings>> ReadFromStreamAsync(Stream stream, CancellationToken token = default)
+    private static async ValueTask<Result<IAssetSettings>> ReadSettingsFromStreamAsync(Stream stream, CancellationToken token = default)
     {
         var size = Unsafe.SizeOf<BasicSettings>() + Unsafe.SizeOf<AdvancedSettings>() + Unsafe.SizeOf<SamplerSettings>();
         var tempArray = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(size);
@@ -248,9 +257,9 @@ public class TextureAssetSettings : IAssetSettings
             await stream.ReadAsync(tempArray.AsMemory(0, size), token).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
             // Use index-based reads after the await to avoid 'ref across await' errors.
-            var basic    = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<BasicSettings>(ref tempArray[0]);
+            var basic = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<BasicSettings>(ref tempArray[0]);
             var advanced = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<AdvancedSettings>(ref tempArray[Unsafe.SizeOf<BasicSettings>()]);
-            var sampler  = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<SamplerSettings>(ref tempArray[Unsafe.SizeOf<BasicSettings>() + Unsafe.SizeOf<AdvancedSettings>()]);
+            var sampler = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<SamplerSettings>(ref tempArray[Unsafe.SizeOf<BasicSettings>() + Unsafe.SizeOf<AdvancedSettings>()]);
 
             var settings = new TextureAssetSettings
             {
@@ -270,12 +279,6 @@ public class TextureAssetSettings : IAssetSettings
             ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(tempArray);
         }
     }
-}
-
-[CustomAssetHandler(ID = TextureAsset._TYPE_ID, SupportedExtensions = new[] { ".png", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".tga", ".bmp", ".hdr" })]
-internal class TextureAssetHandler : IImportableAssetHandler
-{
-    private const int _CURRENT_VERSION = 1;
 
     public ValueTask<Result> ExportAsync(Stream assetStream, Stream targetStream, IAssetExportOptions? options, CancellationToken token = default)
     {
@@ -287,7 +290,9 @@ internal class TextureAssetHandler : IImportableAssetHandler
         // ---- 1. Probe image info -----------------------------------------------
         var info = ImageInfo.FromStream(sourceStream);
         if (info.BitsPerChannel <= 0)
+        {
             return Result.Failure($"Unsupported image format with {info.BitsPerChannel} bits per channel.");
+        }
 
         var isFloat = info.BitsPerChannel > 8;
         var width   = info.Width;
@@ -329,14 +334,6 @@ internal class TextureAssetHandler : IImportableAssetHandler
             token).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
         // ---- 4. Write asset file: header + settings + raw image data -----------
-        // Content layout (all little-endian):
-        //   int32  width
-        //   int32  height
-        //   byte   isFloat  (0 = byte, 1 = float)
-        //   int32  colorComponents  (cast of ColorComponents enum)
-        //   byte[] pixelBytes
-        const int _CONTENT_HEADER_SIZE = 4 + 4 + 1 + 4; // 13 bytes
-        var contentSize = _CONTENT_HEADER_SIZE + pixelBytes.Length;
 
         var header = new AssetMetadata(id, TextureAsset.s_typeGuid)
         {
@@ -344,18 +341,24 @@ internal class TextureAssetHandler : IImportableAssetHandler
             SettingsOffset = AssetMetadata.SIZE,
         };
 
-        // Reserve space for the header, then write settings
-        targetStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
-        AssetMetadata.WriteToStream(targetStream, ref header);
-
         targetStream.Seek(header.SettingsOffset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
-        var sizeResult = await settings.WriteToStreamAsync(targetStream, token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        var sizeResult = await WriteSettingsToStreamAsync(settings, targetStream, token).ConfigureAwait(false);
         if (sizeResult.IsFailure)
+        {
             return Result.Failure($"Failed to write texture asset settings: {sizeResult.Message}");
+        }
+
+        // Content layout (all little-endian):
+        //   int32  width
+        //   int32  height
+        //   byte   isFloat  (0 = byte, 1 = float)
+        //   int32  colorComponents  (cast of ColorComponents enum)
+        //   byte[] pixelBytes
+        const int _CONTENT_HEADER_SIZE = 4 + 4 + 1 + 4; // 13 bytes
 
         header.SettingsSize  = sizeResult.Value;
         header.ContentOffset = header.SettingsOffset + sizeResult.Value;
-        header.ContentSize   = contentSize;
+        header.ContentSize   = _CONTENT_HEADER_SIZE + pixelBytes.Length;
 
         // Write raw image content
         targetStream.Seek(header.ContentOffset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
@@ -367,6 +370,7 @@ internal class TextureAssetHandler : IImportableAssetHandler
             BitConverter.TryWriteBytes(contentHeader.AsSpan(4, 4), height);
             contentHeader[8] = isFloat ? (byte)1 : (byte)0;
             BitConverter.TryWriteBytes(contentHeader.AsSpan(9, 4), (int)colorComponents);
+
             await targetStream.WriteAsync(contentHeader.AsMemory(0, _CONTENT_HEADER_SIZE), token).ConfigureAwait(false);
         }
         finally

src/Editor/Ghost.Editor.Core/AssetHandler/TextureProcessor.cs

@@ -22,10 +22,6 @@ internal static unsafe class TextureProcessor
 {
     private const string _TEXTURE_CACHE_SUBFOLDER = "TextureCache";
 
-    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Public entry point
-    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
     /// <summary>
     /// Compresses <paramref name="pixelData"/> according to <paramref name="settings"/>
     /// and writes the result to the texture cache.
@@ -69,10 +65,6 @@ internal static unsafe class TextureProcessor
         return cachePath;
     }
 
-    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // NVTT pipeline
-    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
     private static void RunNvttPipeline(
         string outputPath,
         ReadOnlySpan<byte> pixelData,
@@ -110,7 +102,7 @@ internal static unsafe class TextureProcessor
         if (settings.Advanced.StretchToPowerOfTwo)
         {
             surface.ResizeMakeSquare(maxExtent,
-                NvttRoundMode.NVTT_RoundMode_ToPreviousPowerOfTwo,
+                NvttRoundMode.NVTT_RoundMode_ToNearestPowerOfTwo,
                 NvttResizeFilter.NVTT_ResizeFilter_Box);
         }
         else if (surface.Width > maxExtent || surface.Height > maxExtent)
@@ -177,7 +169,7 @@ internal static unsafe class TextureProcessor
         }
 
         // ---- 8. enable CUDA if available ---------------------------------------
-        ctx.SetCudaAcceleration(Ghost.Nvtt.NvttGlobal.IsCudaSupported);
+        ctx.SetCudaAcceleration(NvttGlobal.IsCudaSupported);
 
         // ---- 9. write DDS header -----------------------------------------------
         ctx.OutputHeader(surface, mipmapCount, compOpts, outOpts);
@@ -185,18 +177,18 @@ internal static unsafe class TextureProcessor
         // ---- 10. compress mip chain using a working clone ----------------------
         using var mip = surface.Clone();
 
-        for (int level = 0; level < mipmapCount; level++)
+        for (var level = 0; level < mipmapCount; level++)
         {
             // Scale alpha for coverage on each mip (if requested)
             if (settings.Advanced.ScaleAlphaForMipCoverage && level > 0)
             {
-                float refCoverage = mip.AlphaTestCoverage(
+                var refCoverage = mip.AlphaTestCoverage(
                     settings.Advanced.ScaleAlphaForMipCoverageThreshold / 255f);
                 mip.ScaleAlphaToCoverage(refCoverage,
                     settings.Advanced.ScaleAlphaForMipCoverageThreshold / 255f);
             }
 
-            ctx.Compress(mip, face: 0, mipmap: level, compOpts, outOpts);
+            ctx.Compress(mip, 0, level, compOpts, outOpts);
 
             if (level + 1 < mipmapCount)
             {
@@ -205,53 +197,45 @@ internal static unsafe class TextureProcessor
         }
     }
 
-    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Helpers
-    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
     private static NvttFormat SelectFormat(TextureAssetSettings settings)
         => settings.Basic.TextureType switch
         {
-            TextureType.Normal        => NvttFormat.NVTT_Format_BC5,  // RG normal map
+            TextureType.Normal => NvttFormat.NVTT_Format_BC5,  // RG normal map
             TextureType.SingleChannel => NvttFormat.NVTT_Format_BC4,  // single channel
-            TextureType.Lightmap      => NvttFormat.NVTT_Format_BC6U, // HDR lightmap (unsigned)
+            TextureType.Lightmap => NvttFormat.NVTT_Format_BC6U, // HDR lightmap (unsigned)
-            _                         => NvttFormat.NVTT_Format_BC7,  // default colour
+            _ => NvttFormat.NVTT_Format_BC7,  // default colour
         };
 
     private static NvttQuality SelectQuality(TextureCompressionLevel level)
         => level switch
         {
-            TextureCompressionLevel.Low  => NvttQuality.NVTT_Quality_Fastest,
+            TextureCompressionLevel.Low => NvttQuality.NVTT_Quality_Fastest,
             TextureCompressionLevel.High => NvttQuality.NVTT_Quality_Production,
-            _                            => NvttQuality.NVTT_Quality_Normal,
+            _ => NvttQuality.NVTT_Quality_Normal,
         };
 
     private static NvttMipmapFilter SelectMipmapFilter(MipmapFilter filter)
         => filter switch
         {
-            MipmapFilter.Box               => NvttMipmapFilter.NVTT_MipmapFilter_Box,
+            MipmapFilter.Box => NvttMipmapFilter.NVTT_MipmapFilter_Box,
-            MipmapFilter.Triangle          => NvttMipmapFilter.NVTT_MipmapFilter_Triangle,
+            MipmapFilter.Triangle => NvttMipmapFilter.NVTT_MipmapFilter_Triangle,
             MipmapFilter.MitchellNetravali => NvttMipmapFilter.NVTT_MipmapFilter_Mitchell,
-            _                              => NvttMipmapFilter.NVTT_MipmapFilter_Kaiser,
+            _ => NvttMipmapFilter.NVTT_MipmapFilter_Kaiser,
         };
 
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Produces a stable 64-bit hash of the settings structs so the cache file
-    /// name changes whenever any setting changes.
-    /// </summary>
     private static ulong ComputeSettingsHash(TextureAssetSettings s)
     {
-        var basicSize    = Unsafe.SizeOf<TextureAssetSettings.BasicSettings>();
+        var basicSize = Unsafe.SizeOf<TextureAssetSettings.BasicSettings>();
         var advancedSize = Unsafe.SizeOf<TextureAssetSettings.AdvancedSettings>();
-        var samplerSize  = Unsafe.SizeOf<TextureAssetSettings.SamplerSettings>();
+        var samplerSize = Unsafe.SizeOf<TextureAssetSettings.SamplerSettings>();
-        var total        = basicSize + advancedSize + samplerSize;
+        var total = basicSize + advancedSize + samplerSize;
 
         Span<byte> buf = stackalloc byte[total];
-        var basic    = s.Basic;
+        var basic = s.Basic;
         var advanced = s.Advanced;
-        var sampler  = s.Sampler;
+        var sampler = s.Sampler;
-        MemoryMarshal.Write(buf,                           in basic);
+        MemoryMarshal.Write(buf, in basic);
-        MemoryMarshal.Write(buf.Slice(basicSize),          in advanced);
+        MemoryMarshal.Write(buf.Slice(basicSize), in advanced);
         MemoryMarshal.Write(buf.Slice(basicSize + advancedSize), in sampler);
 
         return XxHash64.HashToUInt64(buf);

src/Editor/Ghost.Editor/View/Pages/EngineEditor/ScenePage.xaml.cs

@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ internal sealed partial class ScenePage : NavigationTabPage
 
     //private void SwapChainPanel_SizeChanged(object sender, SizeChangedEventArgs e)
     //{
-    //    if (e.NewSize.Width > 8.0 && e.NewSize.Height > 8.0)
+    //    if (e.NewSize.ActualWidth > 8.0 && e.NewSize.ActualHeight > 8.0)
     //    {
-    //        _renderView?.RequestResize((uint)e.NewSize.Width, (uint)e.NewSize.Height);
+    //        _renderView?.RequestResize((uint)e.NewSize.ActualWidth, (uint)e.NewSize.ActualHeight);
     //    }
     //}
 }

src/GhostEngine.slnx

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
     <Platform Name="x86" />
   </Configurations>
   <Folder Name="/Editor/">
+    <Project Path="Editor/Ghost.DSL/Ghost.DSL.csproj" />
     <Project Path="Editor/Ghost.Editor.Core/Ghost.Editor.Core.csproj" />
     <Project Path="Editor/Ghost.Editor/Ghost.Editor.csproj">
       <Platform Solution="*|ARM64" Project="ARM64" />
@@ -12,7 +13,6 @@
       <Platform Solution="*|x86" Project="x86" />
       <Deploy />
     </Project>
-    <Project Path="Editor/Ghost.DSL/Ghost.DSL.csproj" />
   </Folder>
   <Folder Name="/ThridParty/">
     <Project Path="ThridParty/Ghost.FMOD/Ghost.FMOD.csproj" />
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
     <Project Path="Runtime/Ghost.Engine/Ghost.Engine.csproj" />
     <Project Path="Runtime/Ghost.Entities/Ghost.Entities.csproj" />
     <Project Path="Runtime/Ghost.Generator/Ghost.Generator.csproj" />
+    <Project Path="Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.csproj" Id="e56a0674-beab-414f-8b42-01191a0238fc" />
+    <Project Path="Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/Ghost.Graphics.RHI.csproj" Id="d6831a89-ea86-4aef-9879-2bdd9b519d1e" />
     <Project Path="Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/Ghost.Graphics.csproj" />
   </Folder>
   <Folder Name="/Test/">

src/Runtime/Ghost.Core/TypeHandle.cs

@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-
-namespace Ghost.Core;
-
-public readonly struct TypeHandle
-{
-    public readonly IntPtr Value
-    {
-        get;
-    }
-
-    private TypeHandle(IntPtr value)
-    {
-        Value = value;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the space handle for the specified space.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="type">The space to get the handle for.</param>
-    /// <returns>The space handle as a nint.</returns>
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static TypeHandle Get(Type type) => new TypeHandle(type.TypeHandle.Value);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Gets the space handle for the specified space.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <typeparam name="T">The space to get the handle for.</typeparam>
-    /// <returns>The space handle as a nint.</returns>
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static TypeHandle Get<T>() => Get(typeof(T));
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Converts a TypeHandle to a Type.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="handle">The TypeHandle to convert.</param>
-    /// <returns>The corresponding Type.</returns>
-    public Type? ToType()
-    {
-        return Type.GetTypeFromHandle(RuntimeTypeHandle.FromIntPtr(Value));
-    }
-
-    public override int GetHashCode()
-    {
-        return Value.GetHashCode();
-    }
-
-    public static implicit operator TypeHandle(IntPtr value)
-    {
-        return new TypeHandle(value);
-    }
-
-    public static implicit operator IntPtr(TypeHandle handle)
-    {
-        return handle.Value;
-    }
-
-    public static implicit operator TypeHandle(Type type)
-    {
-        return Get(type);
-    }
-
-    public static implicit operator Type?(TypeHandle handle)
-    {
-        return handle.ToType();
-    }
-}

src/Runtime/Ghost.Core/Utilities/Win32Utility.cs

@@ -10,80 +10,6 @@ namespace Ghost.Core.Utilities;
 [SupportedOSPlatform("windows10.0.19041.0")]
 internal static unsafe partial class Win32Utility
 {
-    [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
-    public readonly ref struct IID_PPV
-    {
-        public readonly Guid* iid;
-        public readonly void** ppv;
-
-        public IID_PPV(Guid* iid, void** ppv)
-        {
-            this.iid = iid;
-            this.ppv = ppv;
-        }
-
-        public void Deconstruct(out Guid* iid, out void** ppv)
-        {
-            iid = this.iid;
-            ppv = this.ppv;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static Guid* IID_NULL
-    {
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        get => (Guid*)Unsafe.AsPointer(ref Unsafe.AsRef(in IID.IID_NULL));
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static IID_PPV IID_PPV_ARGS<T>(ComPtr<T>* comPtr)
-        where T : unmanaged, IUnknown.Interface
-    {
-        return new IID_PPV(Windows.__uuidof<T>(), (void**)comPtr);
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static void Attach<T>(ref this UniquePtr<T> uPtr, T* other)
-        where T : unmanaged, IUnknown.Interface
-    {
-        var ptr = uPtr.Get();
-        if (ptr != null)
-        {
-            var refCount = ptr->Release();
-            Debug.Assert((refCount != 0) || (ptr != other));
-        }
-
-        uPtr = new UniquePtr<T>(other);
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static void Dispose<T>(ref this UniquePtr<T> uPtr)
-        where T : unmanaged, IUnknown.Interface
-    {
-        var ptr = uPtr.Detach();
-        if (ptr != null)
-        {
-            ptr->Release();
-        }
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static Result ToResult(this HRESULT hr, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(hr))] string? op = null)
-    {
-        if (hr.SUCCEEDED)
-        {
-            return Result.Success();
-        }
-
-        return Result.Failure($"{op} failed with code {hr}");
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static void** ReleaseAndGetVoidAddressOf<T>(ref this ComPtr<T> comPtr)
-        where T : unmanaged, IUnknown.Interface
-    {
-        return (void**)comPtr.ReleaseAndGetAddressOf();
-    }
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
     public static ComPtr<T> Move<T>(ref this ComPtr<T> comPtr)

src/Runtime/Ghost.Engine/EngineCore.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ghost.Entities;
 using Ghost.Graphics;
+using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.Jobs;
 
 namespace Ghost.Engine;

src/Runtime/Ghost.Entities/Component.cs

@@ -208,10 +208,10 @@ public class ComponentManager : IDisposable
     }
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    internal Identifier<EntityQuery> CreateEntityQuery(EntityQueryMask mask, int maskHash)
+    internal Identifier<EntityQuery> CreateEntityQuery(ref readonly EntityQueryMask mask, int maskHash)
     {
         var queryID = new Identifier<EntityQuery>(_entityQueries.Count);
-        _entityQueries.Add(new EntityQuery(queryID, _world.ID, mask));
+        _entityQueries.Add(new EntityQuery(queryID, _world.ID, in mask));
         _querieLookup.Add(maskHash, queryID);
 
         ref var query = ref _entityQueries[queryID.Value];

src/Runtime/Ghost.Entities/EntityQuery.JobChunk.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-using Ghost.Core;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.Jobs;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Collections;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ public unsafe partial struct EntityQuery
         {
             ref var arch = ref world.ComponentManager.GetArchetypeReference(archID);
 
-            for (int i = 0; i < arch.ChunkCount; i++)
+            for (var i = 0; i < arch.ChunkCount; i++)
             {
                 var pChunk = (Chunk*)arch._chunks.GetUnsafePtr() + i;
 

src/Runtime/Ghost.Entities/Query.cs

@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ public unsafe partial struct EntityQuery : IDisposable
     private readonly Identifier<EntityQuery> _id;
     private readonly Identifier<World> _worldID;
 
-    internal EntityQuery(Identifier<EntityQuery> id, Identifier<World> worldID, EntityQueryMask mask)
+    internal EntityQuery(Identifier<EntityQuery> id, Identifier<World> worldID, ref readonly EntityQueryMask mask)
     {
         _id = id;
         _worldID = worldID;
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ public ref partial struct QueryBuilder
         }
 
         // NOTE: We do not dispose the mask here, as it is now owned by the EntityQuery.
-        queryID = world.ComponentManager.CreateEntityQuery(mask, maskHash);
+        queryID = world.ComponentManager.CreateEntityQuery(in mask, maskHash);
 
     Return:
         Dispose();

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/AssemblyInfo.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+global using static TerraFX.Interop.DirectX.D3D12;
+global using static TerraFX.Interop.DirectX.DirectX;
+global using static TerraFX.Interop.DirectX.DXGI;
+global using static TerraFX.Interop.Windows.Windows;
+
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+
+[assembly: SupportedOSPlatform("windows10.0.19041.0")]

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/D3D12CommandBuffer.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
 using Ghost.Core.Utilities;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel;

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/D3D12CommandQueue.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ghost.Core.Utilities;
+using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel;
 using TerraFX.Interop.DirectX;

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/D3D12DebugLayer.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ghost.Core.Utilities;
+using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel;
 using TerraFX.Interop.DirectX;
 using TerraFX.Interop.Windows;

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/D3D12DescriptorHeap.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-using Ghost.Core.Utilities;
 using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Collections;
@@ -18,9 +17,11 @@ internal unsafe class D3D12DescriptorHeap : IDisposable
 
     private UniquePtr<ID3D12DescriptorHeap> _heap;
     private UniquePtr<ID3D12DescriptorHeap> _shaderVisibleHeap;
+
     private D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE _startCpuHandle;
     private D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE _startCpuHandleShaderVisible;
     private D3D12_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE _startGpuHandleShaderVisible;
+
     private int _searchStart;
     private UnsafeBitSet _allocatedDescriptors;
 

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/D3D12GraphicsEngine.cs

@@ -3,22 +3,31 @@
 #endif
 
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
-using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
+using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using System.Collections.Immutable;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.D3D12;
 
+public static class D3D12GraphicsEngineFactory
+{
+    public static IGraphicsEngine Create(IRenderSystem renderSystem)
+    {
+        return new D3D12GraphicsEngine(renderSystem);
+    }
+}
+
 internal class D3D12GraphicsEngine : IGraphicsEngine
 {
+    private GCHandle _thisHandle;
+
     private readonly IRenderSystem _renderSystem;
 
 #if ENABLE_DEBUG
     private readonly D3D12DebugLayer _debugLayer;
 #endif
-
     private readonly D3D12RenderDevice _device;
     private readonly DxcShaderCompiler _shaderCompiler;
     private readonly D3D12DescriptorAllocator _descriptorAllocator;
@@ -71,7 +80,7 @@ internal class D3D12GraphicsEngine : IGraphicsEngine
     {
         ThrowIfDisposed();
 
-        var renderer = new D3D12Renderer(this, _resourceDatabase);
+        var renderer = new D3D12Renderer(this);
         ImmutableInterlocked.Update(ref _renderers, renderers => renderers.Add(renderer));
         return renderer;
     }
@@ -157,6 +166,8 @@ internal class D3D12GraphicsEngine : IGraphicsEngine
         _debugLayer.Dispose();
 #endif
 
+        _thisHandle.Free();
+
         _disposed = true;
         GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
     }

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/D3D12PipelineLibrary.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
 using Ghost.Core.Graphics;
-using Ghost.Core.Utilities;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel;

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/D3D12RenderDevice.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-using Ghost.Core.Utilities;
+using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel;
 using TerraFX.Interop.DirectX;
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ internal unsafe class D3D12RenderDevice : IRenderDevice
             pAdapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
 
             // Don't select the Basic Render Driver adapter.
-            if (desc.Flags.HasFlag(DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE))
+            if ((desc.Flags & (uint)DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE) != 0)
             {
                 goto NEXT_ITERATION;
             }
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ internal unsafe class D3D12RenderDevice : IRenderDevice
     {
         ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
 
-        FeatureSupport support = FeatureSupport.None;
+        var support = FeatureSupport.None;
 
         D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_D3D12_OPTIONS options = default;
         if (_device.Get()->CheckFeatureSupport(D3D12_FEATURE_D3D12_OPTIONS, &options, (uint)sizeof(D3D12_FEATURE_DATA_D3D12_OPTIONS)).SUCCEEDED)

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/D3D12Renderer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+using Ghost.Core;
+using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
+
+namespace Ghost.Graphics.D3D12;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// D3D12 implementation of the renderer interface using RHI abstractions
+/// </summary>
+internal class D3D12Renderer : IRenderer
+{
+    private readonly D3D12GraphicsEngine _graphicsEngine;
+    private readonly ICommandBuffer _commandBuffer;
+
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    public IRenderOutput? RenderOutput
+    {
+        get; set;
+    }
+
+    public Func<RenderContext, Error>? RenderFunc
+    {
+        get; set;
+    }
+
+    public D3D12Renderer(D3D12GraphicsEngine graphicsEngine)
+    {
+        _graphicsEngine = graphicsEngine;
+        _commandBuffer = _graphicsEngine.CreateCommandBuffer(CommandBufferType.Graphics);
+    }
+
+    ~D3D12Renderer()
+    {
+        Dispose();
+    }
+
+    public Result Render(ICommandAllocator commandAllocator)
+    {
+        if (RenderFunc is null)
+        {
+            return Result.Success(); // No render function set, skip rendering.
+        }
+
+        if (RenderOutput is null)
+        {
+            return Result.Failure("Render target strategy is not set.");
+        }
+
+        var target = RenderOutput.GetRenderTarget();
+        if (target.IsInvalid)
+        {
+            return Result.Failure("Render target is invalid.");
+        }
+
+        _commandBuffer.Begin(commandAllocator);
+        RenderOutput.BeginRender(_commandBuffer);
+
+        var ctx = new RenderContext();
+        var error = RenderFunc.Invoke(ctx);
+        if (error != Error.None)
+        {
+            _commandBuffer.End();
+            return Result.Failure(error);
+        }
+
+        RenderOutput.EndRender(_commandBuffer);
+        var r = _commandBuffer.End();
+        if (r.IsFailure)
+        {
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        _graphicsEngine.Device.GraphicsQueue.Submit(_commandBuffer);
+        RenderOutput.Present();
+
+        return Result.Success();
+    }
+
+    //// TODO: A proper render graph integration.
+    //private Error RenderScene(Handle<Texture> target, ViewportDesc viewport, RectDesc rect)
+    //{
+    //    // NOTE: Testing only.
+    //    var ctx = new RenderingContext(_graphicsEngine, _commandBuffer);
+    //    if (_frameIndex == 0)
+    //    {
+    //        _pass.Initialize(ref ctx);
+    //    }
+
+    //    //_commandBuffer.BeginRenderPass(rtDesc, depthDesc, false);
+    //    _commandBuffer.SetViewport(viewport);
+    //    _commandBuffer.SetScissorRect(rect);
+
+    //    _renderGraph.Reset();
+
+    //    var backBuffer = _renderGraph.ImportTexture(target, "Back Buffer");
+    //    _pass.Build(_renderGraph, backBuffer);
+
+    //    // Create view state from viewport
+    //    var viewState = new ViewState((uint)viewport.Width, (uint)viewport.Height);
+
+    //    // Compile with view state
+    //    _renderGraph.Compile(in viewState);
+    //    _renderGraph.Execute(_commandBuffer);
+
+    //    //_commandBuffer.EndRenderPass();
+    //    _frameIndex++;
+
+    //    return Error.None;
+    //}
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (_disposed)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _commandBuffer.Dispose();
+
+        _disposed = true;
+
+        GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+    }
+}

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/D3D12ResourceAllocator.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
 using Ghost.Core.Graphics;
 using Ghost.Core.Utilities;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel;
@@ -866,71 +865,6 @@ internal sealed unsafe partial class D3D12ResourceAllocator : IResourceAllocator
         return _resourceDatabase.CreateSampler(in desc, samplerDescriptor.Value);
     }
 
-    public Handle<Mesh> CreateMesh(UnsafeList<Vertex> vertices, UnsafeList<uint> indices)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-
-        var vertexBufferDesc = new BufferDesc
-        {
-            Size = (uint)(vertices.Count * sizeof(Vertex)),
-            Stride = (uint)sizeof(Vertex),
-            Usage = BufferUsage.Vertex | BufferUsage.ShaderResource | BufferUsage.Raw,
-            MemoryType = ResourceMemoryType.Default,
-        };
-
-        var indexBufferDesc = new BufferDesc
-        {
-            Size = (uint)(indices.Count * sizeof(uint)),
-            Stride = sizeof(uint),
-            Usage = BufferUsage.Index | BufferUsage.ShaderResource | BufferUsage.Raw,
-            MemoryType = ResourceMemoryType.Default,
-        };
-
-        var objectBufferDesc = new BufferDesc
-        {
-            Size = (uint)sizeof(PerObjectData),
-            Stride = (uint)sizeof(PerObjectData),
-            Usage = BufferUsage.Raw | BufferUsage.ShaderResource,
-            MemoryType = ResourceMemoryType.Default,
-        };
-
-        var vertexBuffer = CreateBuffer(in vertexBufferDesc, "VertexBuffer");
-        var indexBuffer = CreateBuffer(in indexBufferDesc, "IndexBuffer");
-        var objectBuffer = CreateBuffer(in objectBufferDesc, "ObjectBuffer");
-
-        var data = new Mesh
-        {
-            Vertices = vertices,
-            Indices = indices,
-            VertexBuffer = vertexBuffer,
-            IndexBuffer = indexBuffer,
-            ObjectDataBuffer = objectBuffer,
-        };
-
-        return _resourceDatabase.AddMesh(in data);
-    }
-
-    public Handle<Material> CreateMaterial(Identifier<Shader> shader)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-
-        var material = new Material();
-        if (material.SetShader(shader, this, _resourceDatabase) != Error.None)
-        {
-            return Handle<Material>.Invalid;
-        }
-
-        return _resourceDatabase.AddMaterial(in material);
-    }
-
-    public Identifier<Shader> CreateGraphicsShader(ShaderDescriptor descriptor)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-
-        var shader = new Shader(descriptor);
-        return _resourceDatabase.AddShader(shader);
-    }
-
     public void Dispose()
     {
         if (_disposed)

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/D3D12ResourceDatabase.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.Collections;
@@ -102,15 +101,11 @@ internal class D3D12ResourceDatabase : IResourceDatabase
     private readonly D3D12DescriptorAllocator _descriptorAllocator;
 
     private UnsafeSlotMap<ResourceRecord> _resources;
+    private UnsafeHashMap<SamplerDesc, Identifier<Sampler>> _samplers;
 #if DEBUG || GHOST_EDITOR
     private readonly Dictionary<Handle<GPUResource>, string> _resourceName;
 #endif
 
-    private UnsafeHashMap<SamplerDesc, Identifier<Sampler>> _samplers;
-    private UnsafeSlotMap<Mesh> _meshes;
-    private UnsafeSlotMap<Material> _materials;
-    private readonly DynamicArray<Shader> _shaders; // TODO: Use SlotMap?
-
     private UnsafeQueue<ReleaseEntry> _releaseQueue;
 
     private bool _disposed;
@@ -121,13 +116,10 @@ internal class D3D12ResourceDatabase : IResourceDatabase
         _descriptorAllocator = descriptorAllocator;
 
         _resources = new UnsafeSlotMap<ResourceRecord>(64, Allocator.Persistent, AllocationOption.Clear);
+        _samplers = new UnsafeHashMap<SamplerDesc, Identifier<Sampler>>(32, Allocator.Persistent);
 #if DEBUG || GHOST_EDITOR
         _resourceName = new Dictionary<Handle<GPUResource>, string>(64);
 #endif
-        _samplers = new UnsafeHashMap<SamplerDesc, Identifier<Sampler>>(32, Allocator.Persistent);
-        _meshes = new UnsafeSlotMap<Mesh>(64, Allocator.Persistent, AllocationOption.Clear);
-        _materials = new UnsafeSlotMap<Material>(16, Allocator.Persistent, AllocationOption.Clear);
-        _shaders = new DynamicArray<Shader>(16);
 
         _releaseQueue = new UnsafeQueue<ReleaseEntry>(32, Allocator.Persistent);
     }
@@ -137,12 +129,6 @@ internal class D3D12ResourceDatabase : IResourceDatabase
         Dispose();
     }
 
-    private void ReleaseResource<T>(T resource)
-        where T : IResourceReleasable
-    {
-        resource.ReleaseResource(this);
-    }
-
     internal unsafe Handle<GPUResource> ImportExternalResource(ID3D12Resource* pResource, ResourceBarrierData initialBarrierData, ResourceViewGroup viewGroup, string? name = null)
     {
         ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
@@ -356,122 +342,6 @@ internal class D3D12ResourceDatabase : IResourceDatabase
         _descriptorAllocator.Release(new Identifier<SamplerDescriptor>(id.Value));
     }
 
-    public Handle<Mesh> AddMesh(ref readonly Mesh mesh)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-
-        var id = _meshes.Add(mesh, out var generation);
-        return new Handle<Mesh>(id, generation);
-    }
-
-    public bool HasMesh(Handle<Mesh> handle)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-        return _meshes.Contains(handle.ID, handle.Generation);
-    }
-
-    public RefResult<Mesh, Error> GetMeshReference(Handle<Mesh> handle)
-    {
-        ref var mesh = ref _meshes.GetElementReferenceAt(handle.ID, handle.Generation, out var exist);
-        if (!exist)
-        {
-            return Error.NotFound;
-        }
-
-        return RefResult<Mesh, Error>.Success(ref mesh);
-    }
-
-    public void ReleaseMesh(Handle<Mesh> handle)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-
-        ref var mesh = ref _meshes.GetElementReferenceAt(handle.ID, handle.Generation, out var exist);
-        if (!exist)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        ReleaseResource(mesh);
-        _meshes.Remove(handle.ID, handle.Generation);
-    }
-
-    public Handle<Material> AddMaterial(ref readonly Material material)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-
-        var id = _materials.Add(material, out var generation);
-        return new Handle<Material>(id, generation);
-    }
-
-    public bool HasMaterial(Handle<Material> handle)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-        return _materials.Contains(handle.ID, handle.Generation);
-    }
-
-    public RefResult<Material, Error> GetMaterialReference(Handle<Material> handle)
-    {
-        ref var material = ref _materials.GetElementReferenceAt(handle.ID, handle.Generation, out var exist);
-        if (!exist)
-        {
-            return Error.NotFound;
-        }
-
-        return RefResult<Material, Error>.Success(ref material);
-    }
-
-    public void ReleaseMaterial(Handle<Material> handle)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-
-        ref var material = ref _materials.GetElementReferenceAt(handle.ID, handle.Generation, out var exist);
-        if (!exist)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        ReleaseResource(material);
-        _materials.Remove(handle.ID, handle.Generation);
-    }
-
-    public Identifier<Shader> AddShader(Shader shader)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-
-        var id = _shaders.Count;
-        _shaders.Add(shader);
-        return new Identifier<Shader>(id);
-    }
-
-    public bool HasShader(Identifier<Shader> id)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-        return id.Value >= 0 && id.Value < _shaders.Count;
-    }
-
-    public RefResult<Shader, Error> GetShaderReference(Identifier<Shader> id)
-    {
-        if (!HasShader(id))
-        {
-            return Error.NotFound;
-        }
-
-        return RefResult<Shader, Error>.Success(ref _shaders[id.Value]);
-    }
-
-    public void ReleaseShader(Identifier<Shader> id)
-    {
-        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
-
-        if (!HasShader(id))
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        ref var shader = ref _shaders[id.Value]!;
-        ReleaseResource(shader);
-    }
-
     public void EndFrame()
     {
         ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
@@ -494,21 +364,6 @@ internal class D3D12ResourceDatabase : IResourceDatabase
     {
         ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
 
-        foreach (var mesh in _meshes)
-        {
-            ReleaseResource(mesh);
-        }
-
-        foreach (var material in _materials)
-        {
-            ReleaseResource(material);
-        }
-
-        foreach (var shader in _shaders)
-        {
-            ReleaseResource(shader);
-        }
-
         foreach (ref var record in _resources)
         {
             record.Release(_descriptorAllocator);
@@ -524,8 +379,6 @@ internal class D3D12ResourceDatabase : IResourceDatabase
 
         _resources.Dispose();
         _samplers.Dispose();
-        _meshes.Dispose();
-        _materials.Dispose();
         _releaseQueue.Dispose();
 
         _disposed = true;

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/D3D12SwapChain.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Core.Utilities;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel;

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/DxcShaderCompiler.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
 using Ghost.Core.Graphics;
-using Ghost.Core.Utilities;
+using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Buffer;
@@ -229,41 +228,41 @@ internal sealed unsafe partial class DxcShaderCompiler : IShaderCompiler
                 switch (bindDesc.Type)
                 {
                     case D3D_SHADER_INPUT_TYPE.D3D_SIT_CBUFFER:
+                    {
+                        var cbuffer = pReflection->GetConstantBufferByName(bindDesc.Name);
+                        D3D12_SHADER_BUFFER_DESC cbufferDesc;
+                        ThrowIfFailed(cbuffer->GetDesc(&cbufferDesc));
+
+                        var variables = new List<CBufferPropertyInfo>((int)cbufferDesc.Variables);
+
+                        // Now we iterate all variables for *every* cbuffer, not just b3
+                        for (uint j = 0; j < cbufferDesc.Variables; j++)
                         {
-                            var cbuffer = pReflection->GetConstantBufferByName(bindDesc.Name);
+                            var variable = cbuffer->GetVariableByIndex(j);
-                            D3D12_SHADER_BUFFER_DESC cbufferDesc;
+                            D3D12_SHADER_VARIABLE_DESC varDesc;
-                            ThrowIfFailed(cbuffer->GetDesc(&cbufferDesc));
+                            variable->GetDesc(&varDesc);
 
-                            var variables = new List<CBufferPropertyInfo>((int)cbufferDesc.Variables);
+                            var variableName = Marshal.PtrToStringUTF8((IntPtr)varDesc.Name);
-
+                            if (variableName == null)
-                            // Now we iterate all variables for *every* cbuffer, not just b3
-                            for (uint j = 0; j < cbufferDesc.Variables; j++)
                             {
-                                var variable = cbuffer->GetVariableByIndex(j);
+                                continue;
-                                D3D12_SHADER_VARIABLE_DESC varDesc;
-                                variable->GetDesc(&varDesc);
-
-                                var variableName = Marshal.PtrToStringUTF8((IntPtr)varDesc.Name);
-                                if (variableName == null)
-                                {
-                                    continue;
-                                }
-
-                                variables.Add(new CBufferPropertyInfo
-                                {
-                                    Name = variableName,
-                                    StartOffset = varDesc.StartOffset,
-                                    Size = varDesc.Size
-                                });
                             }
 
-                            info.Size = cbufferDesc.Size;
+                            variables.Add(new CBufferPropertyInfo
-                            info.Properties = variables;
+                            {
-
+                                Name = variableName,
-                            break;
+                                StartOffset = varDesc.StartOffset,
+                                Size = varDesc.Size
+                            });
                         }
 
-                        // NOTE: Currently we do not support resource bindings yet, everything access through bindless heaps.
+                        info.Size = cbufferDesc.Size;
+                        info.Properties = variables;
+
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    // NOTE: Currently we do not support resource bindings yet, everything access through bindless heaps.
                 }
 
                 reflectionData.ResourcesBindings.Add(info);
@@ -318,8 +317,7 @@ internal sealed unsafe partial class DxcShaderCompiler : IShaderCompiler
                 Encoding = DXC_CP_UTF8
             };
 
-            var (iid, ppv) = Win32Utility.IID_PPV_ARGS(&result);
+            ThrowIfFailed(_compiler.Get()->Compile(&buffer, argPtrs, (uint)argsArray.Count, includeHandler, __uuidof(result.Get()), (void**)&result));
-            ThrowIfFailed(_compiler.Get()->Compile(&buffer, argPtrs, (uint)argsArray.Count, includeHandler, iid, ppv));
 
             // Check compilation result
             HRESULT hrStatus;
@@ -351,9 +349,7 @@ internal sealed unsafe partial class DxcShaderCompiler : IShaderCompiler
             if (config.options.HasFlag(CompilerOption.KeepReflections))
             {
                 using ComPtr<IDxcBlob> reflection = default;
-                (iid, ppv) = Win32Utility.IID_PPV_ARGS(&reflection);
+                if (result.Get()->GetOutput(DXC_OUT_KIND.DXC_OUT_REFLECTION, __uuidof(reflection.Get()), (void**)&reflection, null).SUCCEEDED)
-
-                if (result.Get()->GetOutput(DXC_OUT_KIND.DXC_OUT_REFLECTION, iid, ppv, null).SUCCEEDED)
                 {
                     reflectionData = PerformDXCReflection(reflection).GetValueOrDefault();
                 }

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
+    <PublishAot>true</PublishAot>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|AnyCPU'">
+    <IsAotCompatible>True</IsAotCompatible>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|AnyCPU'">
+    <IsAotCompatible>True</IsAotCompatible>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Content Include="runtimes\win-x64\native\dxcompiler.dll">
+      <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
+    </Content>
+    <Content Include="runtimes\win-x64\native\dxil.dll">
+      <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
+    </Content>
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="TerraFX.Interop.D3D12MemoryAllocator" Version="3.0.1" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\Ghost.Core\Ghost.Core.csproj" />
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\Ghost.Graphics.RHI\Ghost.Graphics.RHI.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/ISwapChainPanelNative.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using TerraFX.Interop.Windows;
 
-namespace Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
+namespace Ghost.Graphics.D3D12;
 
-public unsafe readonly struct ISwapChainPanelNative : ISwapChainPanelNative.Interface, IDisposable
+public readonly unsafe struct ISwapChainPanelNative : ISwapChainPanelNative.Interface, IDisposable
 {
     [ComImport]
     [Guid("63aad0b8-7c24-40ff-85a8-640d944cc325")]

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/Utilities/D3D12PipelineResource.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using TerraFX.Interop.DirectX;
+
+using static TerraFX.Interop.DirectX.D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION;
+using static TerraFX.Interop.DirectX.DXGI_FORMAT;
+
+namespace Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
+
+internal static unsafe class D3D12PipelineResource
+{
+    private static readonly D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC[] s_inputElementDescs = [
+        new D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC{ SemanticName = (sbyte*)Vertex.Semantic.Position.GetUnsafePtr(), SemanticIndex = 0u, Format =  DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT, InputSlot = 0u, AlignedByteOffset = 0u, InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA, InstanceDataStepRate = 0 },
+        new D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC{ SemanticName = (sbyte*)Vertex.Semantic.Normal.GetUnsafePtr(), SemanticIndex = 0u, Format =  DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT, InputSlot = 0u, AlignedByteOffset = 16u, InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA, InstanceDataStepRate = 0 },
+        new D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC{ SemanticName = (sbyte*)Vertex.Semantic.Tangent.GetUnsafePtr(), SemanticIndex = 0u, Format =  DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT, InputSlot = 0u, AlignedByteOffset = 32u, InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA, InstanceDataStepRate = 0 },
+        new D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC{ SemanticName = (sbyte*)Vertex.Semantic.Uv.GetUnsafePtr(), SemanticIndex = 0u, Format =  DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT, InputSlot = 0u, AlignedByteOffset = 48u, InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA, InstanceDataStepRate = 0 },
+        new D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC{ SemanticName = (sbyte*)Vertex.Semantic.Color.GetUnsafePtr(), SemanticIndex = 0u, Format =  DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT, InputSlot = 0u, AlignedByteOffset = 64u, InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA, InstanceDataStepRate = 0 },
+    ];
+
+    public const DXGI_FORMAT SWAP_CHAIN_BACK_BUFFER_FORMAT = DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
+
+    public static D3D12_INPUT_LAYOUT_DESC InputLayoutDescription => new()
+    {
+        pInputElementDescs = (D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC*)Unsafe.AsPointer(ref s_inputElementDescs[0]),
+        NumElements = (uint)s_inputElementDescs.Length
+    };
+}

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.D3D12/Utilities/D3D12Utility.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
+using Ghost.Core;
 using Ghost.Core.Graphics;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
+using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using TerraFX.Interop.DirectX;
-
+using TerraFX.Interop.Windows;
 using static TerraFX.Aliases.D3D12_Alias;
 using static TerraFX.Aliases.DXGI_Alias;
 
@@ -9,6 +14,82 @@ namespace Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
 
 internal static unsafe class D3D12Utility
 {
+    [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
+    public readonly ref struct IID_PPV
+    {
+        public readonly Guid* iid;
+        public readonly void** ppv;
+
+        public IID_PPV(Guid* iid, void** ppv)
+        {
+            this.iid = iid;
+            this.ppv = ppv;
+        }
+
+        public void Deconstruct(out Guid* iid, out void** ppv)
+        {
+            iid = this.iid;
+            ppv = this.ppv;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Guid* IID_NULL
+    {
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        get => (Guid*)Unsafe.AsPointer(ref Unsafe.AsRef(in IID.IID_NULL));
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static IID_PPV IID_PPV_ARGS<T>(ComPtr<T>* comPtr)
+        where T : unmanaged, IUnknown.Interface
+    {
+        return new IID_PPV(__uuidof<T>(), (void**)comPtr);
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static void Attach<T>(ref this UniquePtr<T> uPtr, T* other)
+        where T : unmanaged, IUnknown.Interface
+    {
+        var ptr = uPtr.Get();
+        if (ptr != null)
+        {
+            var refCount = ptr->Release();
+            Debug.Assert((refCount != 0) || (ptr != other));
+        }
+
+        uPtr = new UniquePtr<T>(other);
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static void Dispose<T>(ref this UniquePtr<T> uPtr)
+        where T : unmanaged, IUnknown.Interface
+    {
+        var ptr = uPtr.Detach();
+        if (ptr != null)
+        {
+            var refCount = ptr->Release();
+            Debug.Assert((refCount != 0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static Result ToResult(this HRESULT hr, [CallerArgumentExpression(nameof(hr))] string? op = null)
+    {
+        if (hr.SUCCEEDED)
+        {
+            return Result.Success();
+        }
+
+        return Result.Failure($"{op} failed with code {hr}");
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public static void** ReleaseAndGetVoidAddressOf<T>(ref this ComPtr<T> comPtr)
+        where T : unmanaged, IUnknown.Interface
+    {
+        return (void**)comPtr.ReleaseAndGetAddressOf();
+    }
+
     public static void SetName<T>(ref this T obj, ReadOnlySpan<char> name)
         where T : unmanaged, ID3D12Object.Interface
     {

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/Common.cs

@@ -1,16 +1,178 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
 using Ghost.Core.Graphics;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
+using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Collections;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.Mathematics;
 using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using System.Drawing;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a color with 4 bytes components.
+/// </summary>
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 4)]
+public struct Color32 : IEquatable<Color32>
+{
+    public byte r;
+    public byte g;
+    public byte b;
+    public byte a;
+
+    public Color32(byte r, byte g, byte b, byte a)
+    {
+        this.r = r;
+        this.g = g;
+        this.b = b;
+        this.a = a;
+    }
+
+    public Color32(Color color)
+        : this(color.R, color.G, color.B, color.A)
+    {
+    }
+
+    public Color32(Color128 color128)
+        : this((byte)(color128.r * 255.0f), (byte)(color128.g * 255.0f), (byte)(color128.b * 255.0f), (byte)(color128.a * 255.0f))
+    {
+    }
+
+    public Color32(float4 v)
+        : this((byte)(v.x * 255.0f), (byte)(v.y * 255.0f), (byte)(v.z * 255.0f), (byte)(v.w * 255.0f))
+    {
+    }
+
+    public readonly bool Equals(Color32 other)
+    {
+        return r == other.r && g == other.g && b == other.b && a == other.a;
+    }
+
+    public override readonly bool Equals(object? obj)
+    {
+        return obj is Color32 color && Equals(color);
+    }
+
+    public override readonly int GetHashCode()
+    {
+        return HashCode.Combine(r, g, b, a);
+    }
+
+    public static bool operator ==(Color32 left, Color32 right)
+    {
+        return left.Equals(right);
+    }
+
+    public static bool operator !=(Color32 left, Color32 right)
+    {
+        return !(left == right);
+    }
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Represents a color with 16 bytes components.
+/// </summary>
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 16)]
+public struct Color128 : IEquatable<Color128>
+{
+    public float r;
+    public float g;
+    public float b;
+    public float a;
+
+    public Color128(float r, float g, float b, float a)
+    {
+        this.r = r;
+        this.g = g;
+        this.b = b;
+        this.a = a;
+    }
+
+    public Color128(Color color)
+        : this(color.R / 255.0f, color.G / 255.0f, color.B / 255.0f, color.A / 255.0f)
+    {
+    }
+
+    public Color128(Color32 color32)
+        : this(color32.r / 255.0f, color32.g / 255.0f, color32.b / 255.0f, color32.a / 255.0f)
+    {
+    }
+
+    public Color128(float4 v)
+        : this(v.x, v.y, v.z, v.w)
+    {
+    }
+
+    public readonly bool Equals(Color128 other)
+    {
+        return r.Equals(other.r) && g.Equals(other.g) && b.Equals(other.b) && a.Equals(other.a);
+    }
+
+    public override readonly bool Equals(object? obj)
+    {
+        return obj is Color128 color && Equals(color);
+    }
+
+    public readonly override int GetHashCode()
+    {
+        return HashCode.Combine(r, g, b, a);
+    }
+
+    public static bool operator ==(Color128 left, Color128 right)
+    {
+        return left.Equals(right);
+    }
+
+    public static bool operator !=(Color128 left, Color128 right)
+    {
+        return !(left == right);
+    }
+}
+
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct Vertex
+{
+    public static class Semantic
+    {
+        public const int COUNT = 5;
+
+        public static readonly FixedText32 Position = new("POSITION");
+        public static readonly FixedText32 Normal = new("NORMAL");
+        public static readonly FixedText32 Tangent = new("TANGENT");
+        public static readonly FixedText32 Uv = new("TEXCOORD");
+        public static readonly FixedText32 Color = new("COLOR");
+    }
+
+    public float4 position;
+    public float4 normal;
+    public float4 tangent;
+    public float4 uv;
+    public Color128 color;
+}
+
 public readonly struct ShaderVariant;
 public readonly struct GraphicsPipeline;
 
+public readonly struct ShaderPass
+{
+    public Key64<ShaderPass> Key
+    {
+        get; init;
+    }
+
+    public PipelineState DefaultState
+    {
+        get; init;
+    }
+
+    public LocalKeywordSet KeywordIDs
+    {
+        get; init;
+    }
+}
+
 public readonly struct PassPipelineHash : IEquatable<PassPipelineHash>
 {
     public readonly UInt128 value;
@@ -431,31 +593,23 @@ public struct ResourceDesc
         get; init;
     }
 
-    public TextureDesc TextureDescription
+    [UnscopedRef]
+    public ref TextureDesc TextureDescription
     {
-        readonly get
+        get
         {
             Debug.Assert(Type == ResourceType.Texture);
-            return _desc.textureDescription;
+            return ref _desc.textureDescription;
-        }
-        set
-        {
-            Debug.Assert(Type == ResourceType.Texture);
-            _desc.textureDescription = value;
         }
     }
 
-    public BufferDesc BufferDescription
+    [UnscopedRef]
+    public ref BufferDesc BufferDescription
     {
-        readonly get
+        get
         {
             Debug.Assert(Type == ResourceType.Buffer);
-            return _desc.bufferDescription;
+            return ref _desc.bufferDescription;
-        }
-        set
-        {
-            Debug.Assert(Type == ResourceType.Buffer);
-            _desc.bufferDescription = value;
         }
     }
 

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/Ghost.Graphics.RHI.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
+    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
+    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
+    <AllowUnsafeBlocks>True</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|AnyCPU'">
+    <IsAotCompatible>True</IsAotCompatible>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|AnyCPU'">
+    <IsAotCompatible>True</IsAotCompatible>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\Ghost.Core\Ghost.Core.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+</Project>

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/ICommandBuffer.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/IGraphicsEngine.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
@@ -31,15 +30,15 @@ public interface IGraphicsEngine : IDisposable
     }
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Creates a new instance of an object that implements the IRenderer interface.
+    /// Creates a new instance of a renderer for drawing graphical content.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <returns>An object that provides rendering functionality through the IRenderer interface.</returns>
+    /// <returns>An object that implements the IRenderer interface, which can be used to render graphics.</returns>
     IRenderer CreateRenderer();
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Removes the specified renderer from the collection of active renderers.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="renderer">The renderer instance to remove. Cannot be null.</param>
+    /// <param name="renderer">The renderer instance to remove.</param>
     void RemoveRenderer(IRenderer renderer);
 
     /// <summary>

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/IPipelineLibrary.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/IRenderOutput.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
-namespace Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
+namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
 public interface IRenderOutput
 {

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/IRenderSystem.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+using Misaki.HighPerformance.Mathematics;
+
+namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
+
+public interface IFenceSynchronizer
+{
+    uint CPUFenceValue
+    {
+        get;
+    }
+
+    uint GPUFenceValue
+    {
+        get;
+    }
+
+    uint FrameIndex
+    {
+        get;
+    }
+
+    uint MaxFrameLatency
+    {
+        get;
+    }
+
+    bool WaitForGPUReady(int timeOut = -1);
+    void SignalCPUReady();
+    void WaitIdle();
+}
+
+public interface IRenderSystem : IFenceSynchronizer, IDisposable
+{
+    IGraphicsEngine GraphicsEngine
+    {
+        get;
+    }
+
+    bool IsRunning
+    {
+        get;
+    }
+
+    void Start();
+    void Stop();
+    void RequestSwapChainResize(ISwapChain swapChain, uint2 newSize);
+}

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/IRenderer.cs

@@ -1,18 +1,33 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
+public readonly struct RenderContext
+{
+    public ICommandBuffer CommandBuffer { get; init; }
+}
+
 /// <summary>
 /// High-level renderer interface that uses RHI abstractions
 /// </summary>
 public interface IRenderer : IDisposable
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets the render output target for this renderer.
+    /// </summary>
     IRenderOutput? RenderOutput
     {
         get; set;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The function that performs the actual rendering operations. Skip rendering if this is null.
+    /// </summary>
+    Func<RenderContext, Error>? RenderFunc
+    {
+        get; set;
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Renders a frame
     /// </summary>

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/IResourceAllocator.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
 using Ghost.Core.Graphics;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Collections;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
@@ -138,26 +137,4 @@ public interface IResourceAllocator : IDisposable
     /// <param name="desc">A read-only reference to a <see cref="SamplerDesc"/> structure that defines the properties of the sampler to be created.</param>
     /// <returns>An <see cref="Identifier{Sampler}"/> that uniquely identifies the created sampler object.</returns>
     Identifier<Sampler> CreateSampler(ref readonly SamplerDesc desc);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Creates a new mesh from the specified vertex and index data.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="vertices">A UnsafeList containing the vertices that define the geometry of the mesh. Must contain at least one vertex.</param>
-    /// <param name="indices">A UnsafeList containing the indices that specify how vertices are connected to form primitives. Must contain at least one index.</param>
-    /// <returns>An <see cref="Identifier{Mesh}"/> representing the newly created mesh.</returns>
-    Handle<Mesh> CreateMesh(UnsafeList<Vertex> vertices, UnsafeList<uint> indices);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Creates a new material instance using the specified shader.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="shader">The identifier of the shader to associate with the new material. Cannot be null.</param>
-    /// <returns>An <see cref="Identifier{Material}"/> representing the newly created material.</returns>
-    Handle<Material> CreateMaterial(Identifier<Shader> shader);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Creates a new shader and returns its unique identifier.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <returns>An <see cref="Identifier{Shader}"/> representing the newly created shader.</returns>
-    /// <param name="descriptor">The viewGroup containing the shader's properties and passes.</param>
-    Identifier<Shader> CreateGraphicsShader(ShaderDescriptor descriptor);
 }

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/IResourceDatabase.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
@@ -129,85 +128,4 @@ public interface IResourceDatabase : IDisposable
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="id">The identifier of the sampler to release. Must reference a valid, existing sampler.</param>
     void ReleaseSampler(Identifier<Sampler> id);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Adds a mesh to the resource database and returns its handle.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="mesh">The mesh data to be added to the database.</param>
-    /// <returns>The <see cref="Handle{Mesh}"/> representing the newly added mesh.</returns>"/>
-    Handle<Mesh> AddMesh(ref readonly Mesh mesh);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Determines whether a mesh with the specified Handle exists.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the mesh to check for existence. Cannot be null.</param>
-    /// <returns>true if a mesh with the specified Handle exists; otherwise, false.</returns>
-    bool HasMesh(Handle<Mesh> handle);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Returns a reference to the mesh associated with the specified handle.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the mesh to retrieve. Must refer to a valid mesh; otherwise, the behavior is undefined.</param>
-    /// <returns>A result containing a reference to the mesh corresponding to the specified handle, or an error status if the handle is invalid.</returns>
-    RefResult<Mesh, Error> GetMeshReference(Handle<Mesh> handle);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Releases the mesh resource associated with the specified handle, freeing any resources held by it. Includes both CPU and GPU resources.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the mesh to release. Must refer to a mesh that was previously created and not already released.</param>
-    void ReleaseMesh(Handle<Mesh> handle);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Adds a new material to the collection and returns its unique handle.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="material">The material to add. The material must be fully initialized before calling this method.</param>
-    /// <returns>The <see cref="Handle{Material}"/> representing the newly added material.</returns>
-    Handle<Material> AddMaterial(ref readonly Material material);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Determines whether a material with the specified handle exists in the collection.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the material to check for existence.</param>
-    /// <returns>true if a material with the specified handle exists; otherwise, false.</returns>
-    bool HasMaterial(Handle<Material> handle);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Gets a reference to the material associated with the specified handle.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the material to retrieve. Must refer to a valid material.</param>
-    /// <returns>A result containing a reference to the material corresponding to the specified handle, or an error status if the handle is invalid.</returns>
-    RefResult<Material, Error> GetMaterialReference(Handle<Material> handle);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Releases the material associated with the specified handle, making it available for reuse or disposal.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the material to release. Must refer to a material that has been previously acquired.</param>
-    void ReleaseMaterial(Handle<Material> handle);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Adds the specified shader to the collection and returns its unique identifier.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="shader">The shader to add. The shader is passed by read-only reference and will not be modified.</param>
-    /// <returns>The <see cref="Identifier{Shader}"/> representing the newly added shader.</returns>
-    Identifier<Shader> AddShader(Shader shader);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Determines whether a shader with the specified identifier exists in the collection.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="id">The identifier of the shader to check for existence.</param>
-    /// <returns>true if a shader with the specified identifier exists; otherwise, false.</returns>
-    bool HasShader(Identifier<Shader> id);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Returns a reference to the shader associated with the specified identifier.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="id">The identifier of the shader to retrieve. Must refer to a valid shader.</param>
-    /// <returns>A result containing a reference to the shader corresponding to the specified identifier, or an error status if the identifier is invalid.</returns>
-    RefResult<Shader, Error> GetShaderReference(Identifier<Shader> id);
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Releases the shader associated with the specified identifier, freeing any resources allocated to it.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="id">The identifier of the shader to release. Must refer to a valid, previously created shader.</param>
-    void ReleaseShader(Identifier<Shader> id);
 }

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/IShaderCompiler.cs

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
 using Ghost.Core.Graphics;
-using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Buffer;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Collections;
 
-namespace Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
+namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
 public struct ShaderCompileResult : IDisposable
 {

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/ISwapChain.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/Keyword.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
-using TerraFX.Interop.Windows;
 using ElementType = uint;
 
-namespace Ghost.Graphics.Core;
+namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
 public unsafe struct LocalKeywordSet
 {
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ public unsafe struct LocalKeywordSet
 
     public ulong GetHash64()
     {
-        ulong hash = 14695981039346656037ul; // FNV Offset basis
+        var hash = 14695981039346656037ul; // FNV Offset basis
 
         for (var i = 0; i < _DATA_ARRAY_LENGTH; i++)
         {

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/RHIUtility.cs

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
 using Ghost.Core.Graphics;
 using Ghost.Core.Utilities;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using System.IO.Hashing;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
-internal static class RHIUtility
+public static class RHIUtility
 {
     public const int MAX_RENDER_TARGETS = 8;
 

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/ResourceHandle.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
 
-namespace Ghost.Graphics.Core;
+namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
 public readonly struct GPUResource;
 public readonly struct Texture;
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ public static class ResourceHandleExtensions
         return new Handle<GPUResource>(buffer.ID, buffer.Generation);
     }
 
-    internal static Handle<Texture> AsTexture(this Handle<GPUResource> resource)
+    public static Handle<Texture> AsTexture(this Handle<GPUResource> resource)
     {
         return new Handle<Texture>(resource.ID, resource.Generation);
     }
 
-    internal static Handle<GraphicsBuffer> AsGraphicsBuffer(this Handle<GPUResource> resource)
+    public static Handle<GraphicsBuffer> AsGraphicsBuffer(this Handle<GPUResource> resource)
     {
         return new Handle<GraphicsBuffer>(resource.ID, resource.Generation);
     }

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics.RHI/RootSignatureLayout.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.Mathematics;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
-namespace Ghost.Graphics.Core;
+namespace Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
 /// <summary>
 /// The layout of the root signature is:

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/AssemblyInfo.cs

@@ -1,18 +1,10 @@
-global using static TerraFX.Interop.DirectX.D3D12;
-global using static TerraFX.Interop.DirectX.DirectX;
-global using static TerraFX.Interop.DirectX.DXGI;
-global using static TerraFX.Interop.Windows.Windows;
-
 using Ghost.Core.Attributes;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using System.Runtime.Versioning;
 
 [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("Ghost.Engine")]
 [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("Ghost.Editor")]
 [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("Ghost.Editor.Core")]
 [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("Ghost.Graphics.Test")]
 [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("Ghost.Graphics.Test-Winui")]
-[assembly: SupportedOSPlatform("windows10.0.19041.0")]
-
 
 [assembly: EngineAssembly]

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/Contracts/IRenderPass.cs

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RenderGraphModule;
-using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
-namespace Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
+namespace Ghost.Graphics.Core.Contracts;
 
 public interface IRenderPass
 {
     void Initialize(ref readonly RenderingContext ctx);
     void Build(RenderGraph graph, Identifier<RGTexture> backbuffer);
-    void Cleanup(IResourceDatabase resourceDatabase);
+    void Cleanup(IResourceManager resourceManager);
 }

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/Core/Camera.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,72 @@
+using Ghost.Core;
+using Ghost.Graphics.RenderGraphModule;
+using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
+
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 
 public class Camera
 {
+    private readonly IRenderer _renderer;
+
+    private Handle<Texture> _colorTexture;
+    private Handle<Texture> _depthTexture;
+
+    private uint _actualWidth;
+    private uint _actualHeight;
+
+    private uint _virtualWidth;
+    private uint _virtualHeight;
+
+    public IRenderer Renderer => _renderer;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the actual width of the camera's render target in pixels. If upscaler is used, this is the width before upscaling.
+    /// </summary>
+    public uint ActualWidth => _actualWidth;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the actual height of the camera's render target in pixels. If upscaler is used, this is the height before upscaling.
+    /// </summary>
+    public uint ActualHeight => _actualHeight;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the virtual width of the camera's render target in pixels. If upscaler is used, this is the width after upscaling.
+    /// </summary>
+    public uint VirtualWidth => _virtualWidth;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets the virtual height of the camera's render target in pixels. If upscaler is used, this is the height after upscaling.
+    /// </summary>
+    public uint VirtualHeight => _virtualHeight;
+
+    public RenderGraph? RenderGraph
+    {
+        get; set;
+    }
+
+    public Camera(IGraphicsEngine graphicsEngine)
+    {
+        _renderer = graphicsEngine.CreateRenderer();
+    }
+
+    public Camera(IGraphicsEngine graphicsEngine, RenderGraph renderGraph)
+    {
+        _renderer = graphicsEngine.CreateRenderer();
+        RenderGraph = renderGraph;
+
+        _renderer.RenderFunc = DefaultRenderFunc;
+    }
+
+    private Error DefaultRenderFunc(RenderContext context)
+    {
+        if (RenderGraph == null)
+        {
+            return Error.None;
+        }
+
+        RenderGraph.Reset();
+
+        var view = new ViewState(_virtualWidth, _virtualHeight, _actualWidth, _actualHeight);
+        RenderGraph.Compile(in view);
+        RenderGraph.Execute(context.CommandBuffer);
+
+        return Error.None;
+    }
 }

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/Core/Common.cs

@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
-using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Collections;
-using Misaki.HighPerformance.Mathematics;
-using System.Drawing;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using TerraFX.Interop.DirectX;
-
-namespace Ghost.Graphics.Core;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Represents a color with 4 bytes components.
-/// </summary>
-[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 4)]
-public struct Color32 : IEquatable<Color32>
-{
-    public byte r;
-    public byte g;
-    public byte b;
-    public byte a;
-
-    public Color32(byte r, byte g, byte b, byte a)
-    {
-        this.r = r;
-        this.g = g;
-        this.b = b;
-        this.a = a;
-    }
-
-    public Color32(Color color)
-        : this(color.R, color.G, color.B, color.A)
-    {
-    }
-
-    public Color32(Color128 color128)
-        : this((byte)(color128.r * 255.0f), (byte)(color128.g * 255.0f), (byte)(color128.b * 255.0f), (byte)(color128.a * 255.0f))
-    {
-    }
-
-    public Color32(float4 v)
-        : this((byte)(v.x * 255.0f), (byte)(v.y * 255.0f), (byte)(v.z * 255.0f), (byte)(v.w * 255.0f))
-    {
-    }
-
-    public readonly bool Equals(Color32 other)
-    {
-        return r == other.r && g == other.g && b == other.b && a == other.a;
-    }
-
-    public override readonly bool Equals(object? obj)
-    {
-        return obj is Color32 color && Equals(color);
-    }
-
-    public override readonly int GetHashCode()
-    {
-        return HashCode.Combine(r, g, b, a);
-    }
-
-    public static bool operator ==(Color32 left, Color32 right)
-    {
-        return left.Equals(right);
-    }
-
-    public static bool operator !=(Color32 left, Color32 right)
-    {
-        return !(left == right);
-    }
-}
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Represents a color with 16 bytes components.
-/// </summary>
-[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 16)]
-public struct Color128 : IEquatable<Color128>
-{
-    public float r;
-    public float g;
-    public float b;
-    public float a;
-
-    public Color128(float r, float g, float b, float a)
-    {
-        this.r = r;
-        this.g = g;
-        this.b = b;
-        this.a = a;
-    }
-
-    public Color128(Color color)
-        : this(color.R / 255.0f, color.G / 255.0f, color.B / 255.0f, color.A / 255.0f)
-    {
-    }
-
-    public Color128(Color32 color32)
-        : this(color32.r / 255.0f, color32.g / 255.0f, color32.b / 255.0f, color32.a / 255.0f)
-    {
-    }
-
-    public Color128(float4 v)
-        : this(v.x, v.y, v.z, v.w)
-    {
-    }
-
-    public readonly bool Equals(Color128 other)
-    {
-        return r.Equals(other.r) && g.Equals(other.g) && b.Equals(other.b) && a.Equals(other.a);
-    }
-
-    public override readonly bool Equals(object? obj)
-    {
-        return obj is Color128 color && Equals(color);
-    }
-
-    public readonly override int GetHashCode()
-    {
-        return HashCode.Combine(r, g, b, a);
-    }
-
-    public static bool operator ==(Color128 left, Color128 right)
-    {
-        return left.Equals(right);
-    }
-
-    public static bool operator !=(Color128 left, Color128 right)
-    {
-        return !(left == right);
-    }
-}
-
-
-[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-public struct Vertex
-{
-    public static class Semantic
-    {
-        public const DXGI_FORMAT ALIGNED_FORMAT = DXGI_FORMAT.DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT;
-        public const int COUNT = 5;
-
-        public static readonly FixedText32 Position = new("POSITION");
-        public static readonly FixedText32 Normal = new("NORMAL");
-        public static readonly FixedText32 Tangent = new("TANGENT");
-        public static readonly FixedText32 Uv = new("TEXCOORD");
-        public static readonly FixedText32 Color = new("COLOR");
-    }
-
-    public float4 position;
-    public float4 normal;
-    public float4 tangent;
-    public float4 uv;
-    public Color128 color;
-}

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/Core/Material.cs

@@ -65,17 +65,17 @@ public struct Material : IResourceReleasable
         get; set;
     }
 
-    public Error SetShader(Identifier<Shader> shaderId, IResourceAllocator allocator, IResourceDatabase database)
+    public Error SetShader(Identifier<Shader> shaderId, IResourceManager manager)
     {
         if (!shaderId.IsValid)
         {
             return Error.InvalidArgument;
         }
 
-        _cBufferCache.ReleaseResource(database);
+        _cBufferCache.ReleaseResource(manager.ResourceDatabase);
         _shader = shaderId;
 
-        var r = database.GetShaderReference(shaderId);
+        var r = manager.GetShaderReference(shaderId);
         if (r.IsFailure)
         {
             return r.Error;
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ public struct Material : IResourceReleasable
             _passPipelineOverride[i] = new PipelineOverride
             {
                 shaderPass = pass.Key,
-                options = pass.DeafaultState,
+                options = pass.DefaultState,
             };
         }
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ public struct Material : IResourceReleasable
                 MemoryType = ResourceMemoryType.Default,
             };
 
-            var buffer = allocator.CreateBuffer(ref desc, "MaterialCBuffer");
+            var buffer = manager.ResourceAllocator.CreateBuffer(ref desc, "MaterialCBuffer");
             _cBufferCache = new CBufferCache(buffer, shader.CBufferSize);
         }
 
@@ -201,9 +201,9 @@ public struct Material : IResourceReleasable
     }
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public Error SetKeyword(IResourceDatabase resourceDatabase, int keywordId, bool enabled)
+    public Error SetKeyword(IResourceManager manager, int keywordId, bool enabled)
     {
-        var r = resourceDatabase.GetShaderReference(_shader);
+        var r = manager.GetShaderReference(_shader);
         if (r.IsFailure)
         {
             return r.Error;
@@ -223,9 +223,9 @@ public struct Material : IResourceReleasable
     }
 
     [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public readonly bool IsKeywordEnabled(IResourceDatabase resourceDatabase, int keywordId)
+    public readonly bool IsKeywordEnabled(IResourceManager manager, int keywordId)
     {
-        var r = resourceDatabase.GetShaderReference(_shader);
+        var r = manager.GetShaderReference(_shader);
         if (r.IsFailure)
         {
             return false;

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/Core/RenderOutput.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.Core;

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/Core/RenderingContext.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Buffer;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Collections;

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/Core/Shader.cs

@@ -7,24 +7,6 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 
-public readonly struct ShaderPass
-{
-    public Key64<ShaderPass> Key
-    {
-        get; init;
-    }
-
-    public PipelineState DeafaultState
-    {
-        get; init;
-    }
-
-    public LocalKeywordSet KeywordIDs
-    {
-        get; init;
-    }
-}
-
 public struct ShaderProperty;
 
 public partial struct Shader
@@ -146,7 +128,7 @@ public partial struct Shader : IResourceReleasable
             _shaderPasses[i] = new ShaderPass
             {
                 Key = passKey,
-                DeafaultState = pass.localPipeline,
+                DefaultState = pass.localPipeline,
                 KeywordIDs = keywords,
             };
 

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/D3D12/D3D12Renderer.cs

@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.RenderPasses;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
-using Ghost.Graphics.RenderGraphModule;
-
-namespace Ghost.Graphics.D3D12;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// D3D12 implementation of the renderer interface using RHI abstractions
-/// </summary>
-internal class D3D12Renderer : IRenderer
-{
-    private readonly D3D12GraphicsEngine _graphicsEngine;
-    private readonly D3D12ResourceDatabase _resourceDatabase;
-
-    private readonly ICommandBuffer _commandBuffer;
-    private readonly RenderGraph _renderGraph;
-
-    private uint _frameIndex;
-    private bool _disposed;
-
-    // NOTE: Testing only.
-    private readonly MeshRenderPass _pass;
-
-    public IRenderOutput? RenderOutput
-    {
-        get; set;
-    }
-
-    // TODO: Add render graph support
-
-    public D3D12Renderer(D3D12GraphicsEngine graphicsEngine, D3D12ResourceDatabase resourceDatabase)
-    {
-        _graphicsEngine = graphicsEngine;
-        _resourceDatabase = resourceDatabase;
-
-        _commandBuffer = _graphicsEngine.CreateCommandBuffer(CommandBufferType.Graphics);
-        _renderGraph = new RenderGraph(_graphicsEngine);
-
-        // NOTE: Testing only.
-        _pass = new();
-    }
-
-    ~D3D12Renderer()
-    {
-        Dispose();
-    }
-
-    public Result Render(ICommandAllocator commandAllocator)
-    {
-        if (RenderOutput is null)
-        {
-            return Result.Failure("Render target strategy is not set.");
-        }
-
-        var target = RenderOutput.GetRenderTarget();
-        if (target.IsInvalid)
-        {
-            return Result.Failure("Render target is invalid.");
-        }
-
-        _commandBuffer.Begin(commandAllocator);
-        RenderOutput.BeginRender(_commandBuffer);
-
-        // NOTE: Temporary solution: render directly to the swap chain back buffer if available.
-        // HACK: This is hard coded for testing purposes only.
-
-        var error = RenderScene(target, RenderOutput.Viewport, RenderOutput.Scissor);
-        if (error != Error.None)
-        {
-            _commandBuffer.End();
-            return Result.Failure(error);
-        }
-
-        RenderOutput.EndRender(_commandBuffer);
-        var r = _commandBuffer.End();
-        if (r.IsFailure)
-        {
-            return r;
-        }
-
-        _graphicsEngine.Device.GraphicsQueue.Submit(_commandBuffer);
-        RenderOutput.Present();
-
-        return Result.Success();
-    }
-
-    // TODO: A proper render graph integration.
-    private Error RenderScene(Handle<Texture> target, ViewportDesc viewport, RectDesc rect)
-    {
-        // NOTE: Testing only.
-        var ctx = new RenderingContext(_graphicsEngine, _commandBuffer);
-        if (_frameIndex == 0)
-        {
-            _pass.Initialize(ref ctx);
-        }
-
-        //_commandBuffer.BeginRenderPass(rtDesc, depthDesc, false);
-        _commandBuffer.SetViewport(viewport);
-        _commandBuffer.SetScissorRect(rect);
-
-        _renderGraph.Reset();
-
-        var backBuffer = _renderGraph.ImportTexture(target, "Back Buffer");
-        _pass.Build(_renderGraph, backBuffer);
-
-        // Create view state from viewport
-        var viewState = new ViewState((uint)viewport.Width, (uint)viewport.Height);
-
-        // Compile with view state
-        _renderGraph.Compile(in viewState);
-        _renderGraph.Execute(_commandBuffer);
-
-        //_commandBuffer.EndRenderPass();
-        _frameIndex++;
-
-        return Error.None;
-    }
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        if (_disposed)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // NOTE: Testing only.
-        _pass.Cleanup(_resourceDatabase);
-        _renderGraph.Dispose();
-
-        _commandBuffer.Dispose();
-
-        _disposed = true;
-
-        GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
-    }
-}

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/D3D12/Utilities/D3D12PipelineResource.cs

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using TerraFX.Interop.DirectX;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
-
-namespace Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
-
-internal unsafe static class D3D12PipelineResource
-{
-    private readonly static D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC[] s_inputElementDescs = [
-        new D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC{ SemanticName = (sbyte*)Vertex.Semantic.Position.GetUnsafePtr(), SemanticIndex = 0u, Format =  Vertex.Semantic.ALIGNED_FORMAT, InputSlot = 0u, AlignedByteOffset = 0u, InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION.D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA, InstanceDataStepRate = 0 },
-        new D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC{ SemanticName = (sbyte*)Vertex.Semantic.Normal.GetUnsafePtr(), SemanticIndex = 0u, Format =  Vertex.Semantic.ALIGNED_FORMAT, InputSlot = 0u, AlignedByteOffset = 16u, InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION.D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA, InstanceDataStepRate = 0 },
-        new D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC{ SemanticName = (sbyte*)Vertex.Semantic.Tangent.GetUnsafePtr(), SemanticIndex = 0u, Format =  Vertex.Semantic.ALIGNED_FORMAT, InputSlot = 0u, AlignedByteOffset = 32u, InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION.D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA, InstanceDataStepRate = 0 },
-        new D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC{ SemanticName = (sbyte*)Vertex.Semantic.Uv.GetUnsafePtr(), SemanticIndex = 0u, Format =  Vertex.Semantic.ALIGNED_FORMAT, InputSlot = 0u, AlignedByteOffset = 48u, InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION.D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA, InstanceDataStepRate = 0 },
-        new D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC{ SemanticName = (sbyte*)Vertex.Semantic.Color.GetUnsafePtr(), SemanticIndex = 0u, Format =  Vertex.Semantic.ALIGNED_FORMAT, InputSlot = 0u, AlignedByteOffset = 64u, InputSlotClass = D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION.D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA, InstanceDataStepRate = 0 },
-    ];
-
-    public const DXGI_FORMAT SWAP_CHAIN_BACK_BUFFER_FORMAT = DXGI_FORMAT.DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
-
-    public static D3D12_INPUT_LAYOUT_DESC InputLayoutDescription => new()
-    {
-        pInputElementDescs = (D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC*)Unsafe.AsPointer(ref s_inputElementDescs[0]),
-        NumElements = (uint)s_inputElementDescs.Length
-    };
-}

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/Ghost.Graphics.csproj

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
   <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|AnyCPU'">
     <DebugType>embedded</DebugType>
+    <IsAotCompatible>True</IsAotCompatible>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
   <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|AnyCPU'">
@@ -16,27 +17,19 @@
     <IsTrimmable>True</IsTrimmable>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <Content Include="runtimes\win-x64\native\dxcompiler.dll">
-      <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
-    </Content>
-    <Content Include="runtimes\win-x64\native\dxil.dll">
-      <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
-    </Content>
-  </ItemGroup>
-
   <ItemGroup>
     <PackageReference Include="Misaki.HighPerformance.Analyzer" Version="1.0.0">
       <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
       <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
     </PackageReference>
     <PackageReference Include="Misaki.HighPerformance.Image" Version="1.1.0" />
-    <PackageReference Include="TerraFX.Interop.D3D12MemoryAllocator" Version="3.0.1" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
-        <ProjectReference Include="../../Runtime/Ghost.Core/Ghost.Core.csproj" />
+        <ProjectReference Include="..\..\Runtime\Ghost.Core\Ghost.Core.csproj" />
-        <ProjectReference Include="../../Editor/Ghost.DSL/Ghost.DSL.csproj" />
+        <ProjectReference Include="..\..\Editor\Ghost.DSL\Ghost.DSL.csproj" />
+        <ProjectReference Include="..\Ghost.Graphics.D3D12\Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.csproj" />
+        <ProjectReference Include="..\Ghost.Graphics.RHI\Ghost.Graphics.RHI.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/RenderGraphModule/RenderGraph.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RenderGraphModule;
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ namespace Ghost.Graphics.RenderGraphModule;
 /// </summary>
 public sealed class RenderGraph : IDisposable
 {
-    private readonly IGraphicsEngine _graphicsEngine;
+    private readonly IResourceManager _resourceManager;
 
     private readonly RenderGraphObjectPool _objectPool;
     private readonly RenderGraphResourceRegistry _resources;
@@ -31,16 +30,15 @@ public sealed class RenderGraph : IDisposable
     private readonly RenderGraphExecutor _executor;
     private readonly RenderGraphNativePassBuilder _nativePassBuilder;
 
+    private readonly RenderGraphBlackboard _blackboard;
+
     private bool _compiled;
 
-    public RenderGraphBlackboard Blackboard
+    public RenderGraphBlackboard Blackboard => _blackboard;
-    {
-        get;
-    }
 
-    public RenderGraph(IGraphicsEngine graphicsEngine)
+    public RenderGraph(IResourceManager resourceManager, IPipelineLibrary pipelineLibrary, IShaderCompiler shaderCompiler)
     {
-        _graphicsEngine = graphicsEngine;
+        _resourceManager = resourceManager;
 
         _objectPool = new RenderGraphObjectPool();
         _resources = new RenderGraphResourceRegistry(_objectPool);
@@ -50,40 +48,32 @@ public sealed class RenderGraph : IDisposable
         _nativePasses = new List<NativeRenderPass>(32);
 
         _builder = new RenderGraphBuilder();
-        _aliasingManager = new ResourceAliasingManager(graphicsEngine.ResourceAllocator, _objectPool);
+        _aliasingManager = new ResourceAliasingManager(resourceManager.ResourceAllocator, _objectPool);
 
         _compilationCache = new RenderGraphCompilationCache();
 
         _context = new RenderGraphContext(
-            _graphicsEngine.ResourceDatabase,
+            resourceManager,
-            _graphicsEngine.PipelineLibrary,
+            pipelineLibrary,
-            _graphicsEngine.ShaderCompiler,
+            shaderCompiler,
             _resources
         );
 
         _nativePassBuilder = new RenderGraphNativePassBuilder(_objectPool, _resources);
-        _compiler = new RenderGraphCompiler(_graphicsEngine, _resources, _aliasingManager, _nativePassBuilder, _compilationCache);
+        _compiler = new RenderGraphCompiler(resourceManager, _resources, _aliasingManager, _nativePassBuilder, _compilationCache);
-        _executor = new RenderGraphExecutor(_graphicsEngine, _resources, _context);
+        _executor = new RenderGraphExecutor(resourceManager, _resources, _context);
 
-        Blackboard = new RenderGraphBlackboard();
+        _blackboard = new RenderGraphBlackboard();
     }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Resets the render graph for a new frame.
-    /// Reuses existing allocations to minimize GC.
     /// </summary>
     public void Reset()
     {
-        // Clear blackboard data
+        _blackboard.Clear();
-        Blackboard.Clear();
+        _resources.Clear();
-
+        _aliasingManager.Clear();
-        // Reset resources but keep allocations
-        _resources.Reset();
-
-        // Reset aliasing manager
-        _aliasingManager.Reset();
-
-        // Clear compiled barriers
         _compiledBarriers.Clear();
 
         // Return passes to the pool and reset count
@@ -94,11 +84,8 @@ public sealed class RenderGraph : IDisposable
         }
 
         _passes.Clear();
-
-        // Clear compiled passes list
         _compiledPasses.Clear();
 
-        // Return native passes to pool
         for (var i = 0; i < _nativePasses.Count; i++)
         {
             _objectPool.Return(_nativePasses[i]);
@@ -117,14 +104,14 @@ public sealed class RenderGraph : IDisposable
         Color128 clearColor = default, float clearDepth = 1.0f, byte clearStencil = 0,
         bool clearAtFirstUse = true, bool discardAtLastUse = true)
     {
-        var r = _graphicsEngine.ResourceDatabase.GetResourceDescription(texture.AsResource());
+        var r = _resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.GetResourceDescription(texture.AsResource());
         if (r.IsFailure)
         {
             return Identifier<RGTexture>.Invalid;
         }
 
         var desc = r.Value;
-        return _resources.ImportTexture(in desc._desc.textureDescription, texture, name, clearColor, clearDepth, clearStencil, clearAtFirstUse, discardAtLastUse);
+        return _resources.ImportTexture(in desc.TextureDescription, texture, name, clearColor, clearDepth, clearStencil, clearAtFirstUse, discardAtLastUse);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -134,14 +121,14 @@ public sealed class RenderGraph : IDisposable
     /// <returns>The identifier of the imported render graph buffer. Invalid if import fails.</returns>
     public Identifier<RGBuffer> ImportBuffer(Handle<GraphicsBuffer> buffer, string name)
     {
-        var r = _graphicsEngine.ResourceDatabase.GetResourceDescription(buffer.AsResource());
+        var r = _resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.GetResourceDescription(buffer.AsResource());
         if (r.IsFailure)
         {
             return Identifier<RGBuffer>.Invalid;
         }
 
         var desc = r.Value;
-        return _resources.ImportBuffer(in desc._desc.bufferDescription, buffer, name);
+        return _resources.ImportBuffer(in desc.BufferDescription, buffer, name);
     }
 
     public IRasterRenderGraphBuilder AddRasterRenderPass<TPassData>(string name, out TPassData passData)

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/RenderGraphModule/RenderGraphAliasing.cs

@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ internal sealed class ResourceAliasingManager
         _logicalToPlaced = new Dictionary<int, int>(64);
     }
 
-    public void Reset()
+    public void Clear()
     {
         for (var i = 0; i < _placedResources.Count; i++)
         {

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/RenderGraphModule/RenderGraphBarriers.cs

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ internal sealed class ResourceStateTracker
 
 /// <summary>
 /// Represents a compiled barrier with only the target state.
-/// The before state is always queried from ResourceDatabase at execution time.
+/// The before state is always queried from ResourceManager at execution time.
 /// </summary>
 internal struct CompiledBarrier
 {
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ internal static class RenderGraphBarriers
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Compiles implicit state transitions for all resources accessed by a pass.
-    /// Stores only the target state - the before state will be queried from ResourceDatabase at execution time.
+    /// Stores only the target state - the before state will be queried from ResourceManager at execution time.
     /// </summary>
     private static void CompileImplicitTransitions(
         RenderGraphPassBase pass,

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/RenderGraphModule/RenderGraphCompilationCache.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
 
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ internal sealed class CachedCompilation
     // Placed resource metadata
     public readonly List<PlacedResourceData> placedResources = new(32);
     
-    // Compiled barriers (stores only target states, queries before state from ResourceDatabase)
+    // Compiled barriers (stores only target states, queries before state from ResourceManager)
     public readonly List<CompiledBarrier> compiledBarriers = new(128);
 
     // Real gpu resource

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/RenderGraphModule/RenderGraphCompiler.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RenderGraphModule;
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ namespace Ghost.Graphics.RenderGraphModule;
 /// </summary>
 internal sealed class RenderGraphCompiler
 {
-    private readonly IGraphicsEngine _graphicsEngine;
+    private readonly IResourceManager _resourceManager;
     private readonly RenderGraphResourceRegistry _resources;
     private readonly ResourceAliasingManager _aliasingManager;
     private readonly RenderGraphNativePassBuilder _nativePassBuilder;
@@ -19,13 +18,13 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphCompiler
     private Handle<GPUResource> _resourceHeap;
 
     public RenderGraphCompiler(
-        IGraphicsEngine graphicsEngine,
+        IResourceManager resourceManager,
         RenderGraphResourceRegistry resources,
         ResourceAliasingManager aliasingManager,
         RenderGraphNativePassBuilder nativePassBuilder,
         RenderGraphCompilationCache compilationCache)
     {
-        _graphicsEngine = graphicsEngine;
+        _resourceManager = resourceManager;
         _resources = resources;
         _aliasingManager = aliasingManager;
         _nativePassBuilder = nativePassBuilder;
@@ -212,10 +211,10 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphCompiler
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                _graphicsEngine.ResourceDatabase.ScheduleReleaseResource(res.backingResource);
+                _resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.ScheduleReleaseResource(res.backingResource);
             }
 
-            _graphicsEngine.ResourceDatabase.ScheduleReleaseResource(_resourceHeap);
+            _resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.ScheduleReleaseResource(_resourceHeap);
         }
 
         if (_aliasingManager.Heap.size == 0)
@@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphCompiler
             HeapType = HeapType.Default
         };
 
-        _resourceHeap = _graphicsEngine.ResourceAllocator.Allocate(in allocationDesc, "RenderGraphResourceHeap");
+        _resourceHeap = _resourceManager.ResourceAllocator.Allocate(in allocationDesc, "RenderGraphResourceHeap");
 
         for (var i = 0; i < _resources.Resources.Count; i++)
         {
@@ -253,11 +252,11 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphCompiler
             if (res.type == RenderGraphResourceType.Texture)
             {
                 var textureDesc = res.rgTextureDesc.ToTextureDesc(res.resolvedWidth, res.resolvedHeight);
-                res.backingResource = _graphicsEngine.ResourceAllocator.CreateTexture(in textureDesc, res.name, ops).AsResource();
+                res.backingResource = _resourceManager.ResourceAllocator.CreateTexture(in textureDesc, res.name, ops).AsResource();
             }
             else if (res.type == RenderGraphResourceType.Buffer)
             {
-                res.backingResource = _graphicsEngine.ResourceAllocator.CreateBuffer(in res.bufferDesc, res.name, ops).AsResource();
+                res.backingResource = _resourceManager.ResourceAllocator.CreateBuffer(in res.bufferDesc, res.name, ops).AsResource();
             }
             else
             {
@@ -380,11 +379,11 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphCompiler
             {
                 if (!res.isImported)
                 {
-                    _graphicsEngine.ResourceDatabase.ScheduleReleaseResource(res.backingResource);
+                    _resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.ScheduleReleaseResource(res.backingResource);
                 }
             }
 
-            _graphicsEngine.ResourceDatabase.ScheduleReleaseResource(_resourceHeap);
+            _resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.ScheduleReleaseResource(_resourceHeap);
             _resourceHeap = Handle<GPUResource>.Invalid;
         }
     }

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/RenderGraphModule/RenderGraphContext.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
 using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.Mathematics;
@@ -8,7 +7,7 @@ namespace Ghost.Graphics.RenderGraphModule;
 
 public interface IRenderGraphContext
 {
-    IResourceDatabase ResourceDatabase { get; }
+    IResourceManager ResourceManager { get; }
 
     Handle<GPUResource> GetActualResource(Identifier<RGResource> resource);
     Handle<Texture> GetActualTexture(Identifier<RGTexture> texture);
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ public interface IUnsafeRenderContext : IRasterRenderContext, IRenderGraphContex
 
 internal sealed class RenderGraphContext : IRasterRenderContext, IComputeRenderContext, IUnsafeRenderContext
 {
-    private readonly IResourceDatabase _resourceDatabase;
+    private readonly IResourceManager _resourceManager;
     private readonly IPipelineLibrary _pipelineLibrary;
     private readonly IShaderCompiler _shaderCompiler;
     private readonly RenderGraphResourceRegistry _resources;
@@ -53,15 +52,15 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphContext : IRasterRenderContext, IComputeRenderC
     private Handle<GraphicsBuffer> _activePerMeshData;
     private int _activeMeshIndexCount;
 
-    public IResourceDatabase ResourceDatabase => _resourceDatabase;
+    public IResourceManager ResourceManager => _resourceManager;
     
     public int ActiveMeshIndexCount => _activeMeshIndexCount;
 
     public ICommandBuffer CommandBuffer => _commandBuffer;
 
-    internal RenderGraphContext(IResourceDatabase resourceDatabase, IPipelineLibrary pipelineLibrary, IShaderCompiler shaderCompiler, RenderGraphResourceRegistry resources)
+    internal RenderGraphContext(IResourceManager resourceManager, IPipelineLibrary pipelineLibrary, IShaderCompiler shaderCompiler, RenderGraphResourceRegistry resources)
     {
-        _resourceDatabase = resourceDatabase;
+        _resourceManager = resourceManager;
         _pipelineLibrary = pipelineLibrary;
         _shaderCompiler = shaderCompiler;
         _resources = resources;
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphContext : IRasterRenderContext, IComputeRenderC
 
     public void SetActiveMaterial(Handle<Material> material)
     {
-        var r = _resourceDatabase.GetMaterialReference(material);
+        var r = _resourceManager.GetMaterialReference(material);
         if (r.IsFailure)
         {
             _activePerMaterialData = Handle<GraphicsBuffer>.Invalid;
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphContext : IRasterRenderContext, IComputeRenderC
 
     public void SetActiveMaterial(ref readonly Material material)
     {
-        var shaderResult = _resourceDatabase.GetShaderReference(material.Shader);
+        var shaderResult = _resourceManager.GetShaderReference(material.Shader);
         if (shaderResult.IsFailure)
         {
             _activePerMaterialData = Handle<GraphicsBuffer>.Invalid;
@@ -161,7 +160,7 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphContext : IRasterRenderContext, IComputeRenderC
 
     public void SetActiveMesh(Handle<Mesh> mesh)
     {
-        var r = _resourceDatabase.GetMeshReference(mesh);
+        var r = _resourceManager.GetMeshReference(mesh);
         if (r.IsFailure)
         {
             _activePerMeshData = Handle<GraphicsBuffer>.Invalid;
@@ -184,8 +183,8 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphContext : IRasterRenderContext, IComputeRenderC
         // TODO: Global and view constants
         var data = new PushConstantsData
         {
-            objectIndex = _resourceDatabase.GetBindlessIndex(_activePerMeshData.AsResource()),
+            objectIndex = _resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.GetBindlessIndex(_activePerMeshData.AsResource()),
-            materialIndex = _resourceDatabase.GetBindlessIndex(_activePerMaterialData.AsResource()),
+            materialIndex = _resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.GetBindlessIndex(_activePerMaterialData.AsResource()),
         };
 
         var pushConstantSpan = new ReadOnlySpan<uint>(&data, sizeof(PushConstantsData) / sizeof(uint));

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/RenderGraphModule/RenderGraphExecutor.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RenderGraphModule;
@@ -9,16 +8,16 @@ namespace Ghost.Graphics.RenderGraphModule;
 /// </summary>
 internal sealed class RenderGraphExecutor
 {
-    private readonly IGraphicsEngine _graphicsEngine;
+    private readonly IResourceManager _resourceManager;
     private readonly RenderGraphResourceRegistry _resources;
     private readonly RenderGraphContext _context;
 
     public RenderGraphExecutor(
-        IGraphicsEngine graphicsEngine,
+        IResourceManager resourceManager,
         RenderGraphResourceRegistry resources,
         RenderGraphContext context)
     {
-        _graphicsEngine = graphicsEngine;
+        _resourceManager = resourceManager;
         _resources = resources;
         _context = context;
     }
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphExecutor
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Executes all barriers for a specific pass.
-    /// Uses pre-compiled barriers and queries before state from ResourceDatabase.
+    /// Uses pre-compiled barriers and queries before state from ResourceManager.
     /// </summary>
     private unsafe void ExecuteBarriersForPass(
         ICommandBuffer cmd,
@@ -158,8 +157,8 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphExecutor
             var resource = _resources.GetResource(compiledBarrier.Resource);
             var resourceHandle = resource.backingResource;
 
-            // Always query the before state from ResourceDatabase (single source of truth)
+            // Always query the before state from ResourceManager (single source of truth)
-            var currentState = _graphicsEngine.ResourceDatabase.GetResourceBarrierData(resourceHandle).GetValueOrThrow();
+            var currentState = _resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.GetResourceBarrierData(resourceHandle).GetValueOrThrow();
 
             BarrierLayout layoutBefore;
             BarrierAccess accessBefore;
@@ -169,7 +168,7 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphExecutor
             if (compiledBarrier.AliasingPredecessor.IsValid)
             {
                 var predHandle = _resources.GetResource(compiledBarrier.AliasingPredecessor).backingResource;
-                var predState = _graphicsEngine.ResourceDatabase.GetResourceBarrierData(predHandle).GetValueOrThrow();
+                var predState = _resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.GetResourceBarrierData(predHandle).GetValueOrThrow();
 
                 layoutBefore = BarrierLayout.Undefined;
                 accessBefore = BarrierAccess.NoAccess;

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/RenderGraphModule/RenderGraphResourcePool.cs

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ internal sealed class RenderGraphResourceRegistry
         }
     }
 
-    public void Reset()
+    public void Clear()
     {
         // Return all resources to pool
         for (var i = 0; i < _resources.Count; i++)

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/RenderGraphModule/RenderGraphTypes.cs

@@ -37,15 +37,22 @@ public struct ViewState : IEquatable<ViewState>
     public uint viewportWidth;
     public uint viewportHeight;
 
-    public ViewState(uint width, uint height)
+    // For upscalers that need to know the original render target size before upscaling
+    public uint actualWidth;
+    public uint actualHeight;
+    
+    public ViewState(uint width, uint height, uint actualWidth, uint actualHeight)
     {
         viewportWidth = width;
         viewportHeight = height;
+        this.actualWidth = actualWidth;
+        this.actualHeight = actualHeight;
     }
     
     public readonly bool Equals(ViewState other)
     {
-        return viewportWidth == other.viewportWidth && viewportHeight == other.viewportHeight;
+        return viewportWidth == other.viewportWidth && viewportHeight == other.viewportHeight
+            && actualWidth == other.actualWidth && actualHeight == other.actualHeight;
     }
     
     public override readonly bool Equals(object? obj)

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/RenderPasses/MeshRenderPass.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
 using Ghost.Core.Graphics;
 using Ghost.DSL.ShaderCompiler;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
 using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
+using Ghost.Graphics.Core.Contracts;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RenderGraphModule;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Ghost.Graphics.Utilities;
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ internal class MeshRenderPass : IRenderPass
             }
             else
             {
-                var shaderResult = ctx.ResourceDatabase.GetShaderReference(_shader);
+                var shaderResult = ctx.ResourceManager.GetShaderReference(_shader);
                 if (shaderResult.IsFailure)
                 {
                     throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to get shader reference.");
@@ -201,7 +201,6 @@ internal class MeshRenderPass : IRenderPass
         {
             using var stream = File.OpenRead(_textureFiles[i]);
             using var imageData = ImageResult.FromStream(stream, ColorComponents.RGBA);
-
             var desc = new TextureDesc
             {
                 Width = imageData.Width,
@@ -227,7 +226,7 @@ internal class MeshRenderPass : IRenderPass
 
         _sampler = ctx.ResourceAllocator.CreateSampler(in samplerDesc);
 
-        var meshResult = ctx.ResourceDatabase.GetMaterialReference(_material);
+        var meshResult = ctx.ResourceManager.GetMaterialReference(_material);
         if (meshResult.IsFailure)
         {
             throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to get material reference.");
@@ -283,7 +282,7 @@ internal class MeshRenderPass : IRenderPass
 
             builder.SetRenderFunc<BlitPassData>(static (data, ctx) =>
             {
-                var r = ctx.ResourceDatabase.GetMaterialReference(data.blitMaterial);
+                var r = ctx.ResourceManager.GetMaterialReference(data.blitMaterial);
                 if (r.IsFailure)
                 {
                     return;
@@ -292,12 +291,12 @@ internal class MeshRenderPass : IRenderPass
                 ref var matRef = ref r.Value;
                 var blitProps = new ShaderProperties_Hidden_Blit
                 {
-                    mainTex = ctx.ResourceDatabase.GetBindlessIndex(ctx.GetActualResource(data.source.AsResource())),
+                    mainTex = ctx.ResourceManager.ResourceDatabase.GetBindlessIndex(ctx.GetActualResource(data.source.AsResource())),
                     sampler_mainTex = (uint)data.sampler.Value,
                 };
 
                 matRef.SetPropertyCache(in blitProps).ThrowIfFailed();
-                matRef.UploadData(ctx.CommandBuffer, ctx.ResourceDatabase);
+                matRef.UploadData(ctx.CommandBuffer, ctx.ResourceManager.ResourceDatabase);
 
                 ctx.CommandBuffer.SetRenderTargets([ctx.GetActualTexture(data.destination)], Handle<Texture>.Invalid);
 
@@ -308,20 +307,20 @@ internal class MeshRenderPass : IRenderPass
         }
     }
 
-    public void Cleanup(IResourceDatabase resourceDatabase)
+    public void Cleanup(IResourceManager resourceManager)
     {
-        resourceDatabase.ReleaseMaterial(_blitMaterial);
+        resourceManager.ReleaseMaterial(_blitMaterial);
 
-        resourceDatabase.ReleaseMaterial(_material);
+        resourceManager.ReleaseMaterial(_material);
-        resourceDatabase.ReleaseShader(_shader);
+        resourceManager.ReleaseShader(_shader);
-        resourceDatabase.ReleaseMesh(_mesh);
+        resourceManager.ReleaseMesh(_mesh);
-        resourceDatabase.ReleaseSampler(_sampler);
+        resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.ReleaseSampler(_sampler);
 
         if (_textures != null)
         {
             foreach (var texture in _textures)
             {
-                resourceDatabase.ScheduleReleaseResource(texture.AsResource());
+                resourceManager.ResourceDatabase.ScheduleReleaseResource(texture.AsResource());
             }
         }
     }

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/RenderSystem.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ghost.Core;
+using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12;
 using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.Mathematics;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
@@ -23,50 +24,6 @@ public struct RenderingConfig
     }
 }
 
-public interface IFenceSynchronizer
-{
-    uint CPUFenceValue
-    {
-        get;
-    }
-
-    uint GPUFenceValue
-    {
-        get;
-    }
-
-    uint FrameIndex
-    {
-        get;
-    }
-
-    uint MaxFrameLatency
-    {
-        get;
-    }
-
-    bool WaitForGPUReady(int timeOut = -1);
-    void SignalCPUReady();
-    void WaitIdle();
-}
-
-public interface IRenderSystem : IFenceSynchronizer, IDisposable
-{
-    IGraphicsEngine GraphicsEngine
-    {
-        get;
-    }
-
-    bool IsRunning
-    {
-        get;
-    }
-
-    void Start();
-    void Stop();
-    void RequestSwapChainResize(ISwapChain swapChain, uint2 newSize);
-}
-
 /// <summary>
 /// Application-level render system that orchestrates multiple renderers
 /// and handles frame synchronization
@@ -130,11 +87,25 @@ internal class RenderSystem : IRenderSystem
     public RenderSystem(RenderingConfig config)
     {
         _config = config;
-        _graphicsEngine = config.GraphicsAPI switch
+
+        switch (config.GraphicsAPI)
         {
-            GraphicsAPI.Direct3D12 => new D3D12.D3D12GraphicsEngine(this),
+            case GraphicsAPI.Direct3D12:
-            _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Graphics API {config.GraphicsAPI} is not supported.")
+                if (OperatingSystem.IsWindowsVersionAtLeast(10, 0, 19041))
-        };
+                {
+                    _graphicsEngine = D3D12GraphicsEngineFactory.Create(this);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // TODO: Fallback to Vulkan once it's implemented.
+                    throw new PlatformNotSupportedException("Direct3D12 requires Windows 10 version 2004 (build 19041) or later.");
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                throw new NotSupportedException($"The specified graphics API '{config.GraphicsAPI}' is not supported.");
+        }
 
         // Create frame resources for synchronization
         _frameResources = new FrameResource[config.FrameBufferCount];

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/ResourceManager.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+using Ghost.Core;
+using Ghost.Core.Graphics;
+using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
+using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
+using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Buffer;
+using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Collections;
+
+namespace Ghost.Graphics;
+
+public interface IResourceManager
+{
+    IResourceAllocator ResourceAllocator
+    {
+        get;
+    }
+
+    IResourceDatabase ResourceDatabase
+    {
+        get;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates a new mesh from the specified vertex and index data.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="vertices">A UnsafeList containing the vertices that define the geometry of the mesh. Must contain at least one vertex.</param>
+    /// <param name="indices">A UnsafeList containing the indices that specify how vertices are connected to form primitives. Must contain at least one index.</param>
+    /// <returns>An <see cref="Identifier{Mesh}"/> representing the newly created mesh.</returns>
+    Handle<Mesh> CreateMesh(UnsafeList<Vertex> vertices, UnsafeList<uint> indices);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates a new material instance using the specified shader.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="shader">The identifier of the shader to associate with the new material.</param>
+    /// <returns>An <see cref="Identifier{Material}"/> representing the newly created material.</returns>
+    Handle<Material> CreateMaterial(Identifier<Shader> shader);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Creates a new shader and returns its unique identifier.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <returns>An <see cref="Identifier{Shader}"/> representing the newly created shader.</returns>
+    /// <param name="descriptor">The viewGroup containing the shader's properties and passes.</param>
+    Identifier<Shader> CreateGraphicsShader(ShaderDescriptor descriptor);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines whether a mesh with the specified Handle exists.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the mesh to check for existence. Cannot be null.</param>
+    /// <returns>true if a mesh with the specified Handle exists; otherwise, false.</returns>
+    bool HasMesh(Handle<Mesh> handle);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns a reference to the mesh associated with the specified handle.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the mesh to retrieve. Must refer to a valid mesh; otherwise, the behavior is undefined.</param>
+    /// <returns>A result containing a reference to the mesh corresponding to the specified handle, or an error status if the handle is invalid.</returns>
+    RefResult<Mesh, Error> GetMeshReference(Handle<Mesh> handle);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Releases the mesh resource associated with the specified handle, freeing any resources held by it. Includes both CPU and GPU resources.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the mesh to release. Must refer to a mesh that was previously created and not already released.</param>
+    void ReleaseMesh(Handle<Mesh> handle);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines whether a material with the specified handle exists in the collection.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the material to check for existence.</param>
+    /// <returns>true if a material with the specified handle exists; otherwise, false.</returns>
+    bool HasMaterial(Handle<Material> handle);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets a reference to the material associated with the specified handle.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the material to retrieve. Must refer to a valid material.</param>
+    /// <returns>A result containing a reference to the material corresponding to the specified handle, or an error status if the handle is invalid.</returns>
+    RefResult<Material, Error> GetMaterialReference(Handle<Material> handle);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Releases the material associated with the specified handle, making it available for reuse or disposal.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="handle">The handle of the material to release. Must refer to a material that has been previously acquired.</param>
+    void ReleaseMaterial(Handle<Material> handle);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Determines whether a shader with the specified identifier exists in the collection.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="id">The identifier of the shader to check for existence.</param>
+    /// <returns>true if a shader with the specified identifier exists; otherwise, false.</returns>
+    bool HasShader(Identifier<Shader> id);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns a reference to the shader associated with the specified identifier.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="id">The identifier of the shader to retrieve. Must refer to a valid shader.</param>
+    /// <returns>A result containing a reference to the shader corresponding to the specified identifier, or an error status if the identifier is invalid.</returns>
+    RefResult<Shader, Error> GetShaderReference(Identifier<Shader> id);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Releases the shader associated with the specified identifier, freeing any resources allocated to it.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="id">The identifier of the shader to release. Must refer to a valid, previously created shader.</param>
+    void ReleaseShader(Identifier<Shader> id);
+}
+
+internal sealed class ResourceManager : IResourceManager, IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly IResourceAllocator _resourceAllocator;
+    private readonly IResourceDatabase _resourceDatabase;
+
+    private UnsafeSlotMap<Mesh> _meshes;
+    private UnsafeSlotMap<Material> _materials;
+    private UnsafeList<Shader> _shaders; // TODO: Use SlotMap?
+
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    public IResourceAllocator ResourceAllocator => _resourceAllocator;
+    public IResourceDatabase ResourceDatabase => _resourceDatabase;
+
+    public ResourceManager(IResourceAllocator resourceAllocator, IResourceDatabase resourceDatabase)
+    {
+        _resourceAllocator = resourceAllocator;
+        _resourceDatabase = resourceDatabase;
+
+        _meshes = new UnsafeSlotMap<Mesh>(64, Allocator.Persistent);
+        _materials = new UnsafeSlotMap<Material>(16, Allocator.Persistent);
+        _shaders = new UnsafeList<Shader>(16, Allocator.Persistent);
+    }
+
+    ~ResourceManager()
+    {
+        Dispose();
+    }
+
+    public unsafe Handle<Mesh> CreateMesh(UnsafeList<Vertex> vertices, UnsafeList<uint> indices)
+    {
+        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+
+        var vertexBufferDesc = new BufferDesc
+        {
+            Size = (uint)(vertices.Count * sizeof(Vertex)),
+            Stride = (uint)sizeof(Vertex),
+            Usage = BufferUsage.Vertex | BufferUsage.ShaderResource | BufferUsage.Raw,
+            MemoryType = ResourceMemoryType.Default,
+        };
+
+        var indexBufferDesc = new BufferDesc
+        {
+            Size = (uint)(indices.Count * sizeof(uint)),
+            Stride = sizeof(uint),
+            Usage = BufferUsage.Index | BufferUsage.ShaderResource | BufferUsage.Raw,
+            MemoryType = ResourceMemoryType.Default,
+        };
+
+        var objectBufferDesc = new BufferDesc
+        {
+            Size = (uint)sizeof(PerObjectData),
+            Stride = (uint)sizeof(PerObjectData),
+            Usage = BufferUsage.Raw | BufferUsage.ShaderResource,
+            MemoryType = ResourceMemoryType.Default,
+        };
+
+        var vertexBuffer = _resourceAllocator.CreateBuffer(in vertexBufferDesc, "VertexBuffer");
+        var indexBuffer = _resourceAllocator.CreateBuffer(in indexBufferDesc, "IndexBuffer");
+        var objectBuffer = _resourceAllocator.CreateBuffer(in objectBufferDesc, "ObjectBuffer");
+
+        var mesh = new Mesh
+        {
+            Vertices = vertices,
+            Indices = indices,
+            VertexBuffer = vertexBuffer,
+            IndexBuffer = indexBuffer,
+            ObjectDataBuffer = objectBuffer,
+        };
+
+        var id = _meshes.Add(mesh, out var generation);
+        return new Handle<Mesh>(id, generation);
+    }
+
+    public Handle<Material> CreateMaterial(Identifier<Shader> shader)
+    {
+        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+
+        var material = new Material();
+        if (material.SetShader(shader, this) != Error.None)
+        {
+            return Handle<Material>.Invalid;
+        }
+
+        var id = _materials.Add(material, out var generation);
+        return new Handle<Material>(id, generation);
+    }
+
+    public Identifier<Shader> CreateGraphicsShader(ShaderDescriptor descriptor)
+    {
+        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+
+        var shader = new Shader(descriptor);
+
+        var id = _shaders.Count;
+        _shaders.Add(shader);
+        return new Identifier<Shader>(id);
+    }
+
+    public bool HasMesh(Handle<Mesh> handle)
+    {
+        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+        return _meshes.Contains(handle.ID, handle.Generation);
+    }
+
+    public RefResult<Mesh, Error> GetMeshReference(Handle<Mesh> handle)
+    {
+        ref var mesh = ref _meshes.GetElementReferenceAt(handle.ID, handle.Generation, out var exist);
+        if (!exist)
+        {
+            return Error.NotFound;
+        }
+
+        return RefResult<Mesh, Error>.Success(ref mesh);
+    }
+
+    public void ReleaseMesh(Handle<Mesh> handle)
+    {
+        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+
+        ref var mesh = ref _meshes.GetElementReferenceAt(handle.ID, handle.Generation, out var exist);
+        if (!exist)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        ReleaseResource(mesh);
+        _meshes.Remove(handle.ID, handle.Generation);
+    }
+
+    public bool HasMaterial(Handle<Material> handle)
+    {
+        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+        return _materials.Contains(handle.ID, handle.Generation);
+    }
+
+    public RefResult<Material, Error> GetMaterialReference(Handle<Material> handle)
+    {
+        ref var material = ref _materials.GetElementReferenceAt(handle.ID, handle.Generation, out var exist);
+        if (!exist)
+        {
+            return Error.NotFound;
+        }
+
+        return RefResult<Material, Error>.Success(ref material);
+    }
+
+    public void ReleaseMaterial(Handle<Material> handle)
+    {
+        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+
+        ref var material = ref _materials.GetElementReferenceAt(handle.ID, handle.Generation, out var exist);
+        if (!exist)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        ReleaseResource(material);
+        _materials.Remove(handle.ID, handle.Generation);
+    }
+
+    public bool HasShader(Identifier<Shader> id)
+    {
+        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+        return id.Value >= 0 && id.Value < _shaders.Count;
+    }
+
+    public RefResult<Shader, Error> GetShaderReference(Identifier<Shader> id)
+    {
+        if (!HasShader(id))
+        {
+            return Error.NotFound;
+        }
+
+        return RefResult<Shader, Error>.Success(ref _shaders[id.Value]);
+    }
+
+    public void ReleaseShader(Identifier<Shader> id)
+    {
+        ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);
+
+        if (!HasShader(id))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        ref var shader = ref _shaders[id.Value]!;
+        ReleaseResource(shader);
+    }
+
+    private void ReleaseResource<T>(T resource)
+        where T : IResourceReleasable
+    {
+        resource.ReleaseResource(_resourceDatabase);
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (_disposed)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach (var mesh in _meshes)
+        {
+            ReleaseResource(mesh);
+        }
+
+        foreach (var material in _materials)
+        {
+            ReleaseResource(material);
+        }
+
+        foreach (var shader in _shaders)
+        {
+            ReleaseResource(shader);
+        }
+
+        _meshes.Dispose();
+        _materials.Dispose();
+        _shaders.Dispose();
+
+        _disposed = true;
+        GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+    }
+}

src/Runtime/Ghost.Graphics/Utilities/MeshBuilder.cs

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
+using Ghost.Graphics.RHI;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Buffer;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.LowLevel.Collections;
 using Misaki.HighPerformance.Mathematics;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Core;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.Utilities;
 
-public unsafe static class MeshBuilder
+public static unsafe class MeshBuilder
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Creates a unit cube centered at the origin with size 1.

src/Test/Ghost.Graphics.Test/UnitTestApp.xaml.cs

@@ -32,13 +32,22 @@ public partial class UnitTestApp : Application
                        OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? "osx" : "unknown";
         var arch = Environment.Is64BitProcess ? "x64" : "x86";
         var nativeDllDir = Path.Combine(currentDir, "runtimes", platform + "-" + arch, "native");
-        if (Directory.Exists(nativeDllDir))
+        //if (Directory.Exists(nativeDllDir))
+        //{
+        //    foreach (var dll in Directory.EnumerateFiles(nativeDllDir, "*.dll"))
+        //    {
+        //        NativeLibrary.Load(dll);
+        //    }
+        //}
+        NativeLibrary.SetDllImportResolver(typeof(UnitTestApp).Assembly, (libraryName, assembly, searchPath) =>
         {
-            foreach (var dll in Directory.EnumerateFiles(nativeDllDir, "*.dll"))
+            if (libraryName == "dxcompiler")
             {
-                NativeLibrary.Load(dll);
+                NativeLibrary.Load(Path.Combine(nativeDllDir, "dxil.dll"));
             }
-        }
+
+            return IntPtr.Zero;
+        });
     }
 
     /// <summary>

src/Test/Ghost.MicroTest/Ghost.MicroTest.csproj

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
+    <PublishAot>True</PublishAot>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>