Update rendering architecture and resource management

Added a new `Ref<T>` struct for reference semantics.
Added the `RenderGraph` system for managing rendering passes.
Added the `RenderTexture` class for encapsulating GPU resources.
Added `GraphicsBuffer` class for effective GPU resource management.
Changed `CommandList` methods from public to internal for visibility control.
Changed `IRenderPass` interface from internal to public for accessibility.
Changed `GetData<T>()` in `ComponentObject.cs` to return `CompRef<T>`.
Changed `GetComponent<T>()` in `EntityManager.cs` to return `CompRef<T>`.
Changed `GetSingleton<T>()` in `World.cs` to use `CompRef<T>`.
Changed `IQueryTypeParameter` to use `CompRef<T>` for consistency.
Changed `QueryItem<T0>` and related structs to use `CompRef<T>`.
Changed `Material` class to support bindless textures.
Changed `Shader` class to support bindless rendering.
Changed `Mesh` class to support bindless vertex and index buffer access.
Updated documentation to reflect the new bindless rendering architecture.

Ghost.Graphics/RenderPasses/BindlessMeshRenderPass.cs

@@ -1,677 +0,0 @@
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
-using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12;
-using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12.Utilities;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Data;
-using Ghost.Graphics.Utilities;
-using StbImageSharp;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using Win32;
-using Win32.Graphics.Direct3D;
-using Win32.Graphics.Direct3D.Dxc;
-using Win32.Graphics.Direct3D12;
-using Win32.Graphics.Dxgi.Common;
-
-namespace Ghost.Graphics.RenderPasses;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Modern bindless texture implementation using SM 6.6 with ResourceDescriptorHeap
-/// and D3D12_ROOT_SIGNATURE_FLAG_CBV_SRV_UAV_HEAP_DIRECTLY_INDEXED
-/// </summary>
-internal unsafe class BindlessMeshRenderPass : IRenderPass
-{
-    private const string _HLSL_SOURCE = @"
-cbuffer ConstantBuffer : register(b0)
-{
-    float4 _Color;
-    uint _TextureIndex1;
-    uint _TextureIndex2;
-    uint _TextureIndex3;
-    uint _TextureIndex4;
-};
-
-// SM 6.6 approach - no need for explicit texture arrays
-// ResourceDescriptorHeap is a global descriptor heap access mechanism
-// This allows direct indexing into any texture in the bound descriptor heap
-SamplerState _MainSampler : register(s0);
-
-struct VertexInput
-{
-    float4 position : POSITION;
-    float4 color    : COLOR;
-    float4 uv        : TEXCOORD0;
-};
-
-struct PixelInput
-{
-    float4 position : SV_POSITION;
-    float4 color    : COLOR;
-    float4 uv       : TEXCOORD0;
-};
-
-PixelInput VSMain(VertexInput input)
-{
-    PixelInput output;
-    output.position = input.position;
-    output.color = input.color;
-    output.uv = input.uv;
-    return output;
-}
-
-float4 PSMain(PixelInput input) : SV_TARGET
-{
-    // SM 6.6 Modern Bindless Approach:
-    // ResourceDescriptorHeap[index] directly accesses any texture in the heap
-    // No need for explicit texture arrays or descriptor table binding
-    // This is enabled by D3D12_ROOT_SIGNATURE_FLAG_CBV_SRV_UAV_HEAP_DIRECTLY_INDEXED
-    Texture2D tex1 = ResourceDescriptorHeap[_TextureIndex1];
-    Texture2D tex2 = ResourceDescriptorHeap[_TextureIndex2];
-    Texture2D tex3 = ResourceDescriptorHeap[_TextureIndex3];
-    Texture2D tex4 = ResourceDescriptorHeap[_TextureIndex4];
-    
-    // Sample the textures normally
-    float4 color1 = tex1.Sample(_MainSampler, input.uv.xy);
-    float4 color2 = tex2.Sample(_MainSampler, input.uv.xy);
-    float4 color3 = tex3.Sample(_MainSampler, input.uv.xy);
-    float4 color4 = tex4.Sample(_MainSampler, input.uv.xy);
-    
-    // Blend all textures together (simple average)
-    float4 blendedColor = (color1 + color2 + color3 + color4) * 0.25f;
-    
-    return blendedColor * _Color;
-}
-";
-
-    private Mesh? _mesh;
-
-    // Direct D3D12 resources for modern bindless implementation
-    private ComPtr<ID3D12PipelineState> _pipelineState;
-    private ComPtr<ID3D12RootSignature> _rootSignature;
-    private ComPtr<ID3D12Resource> _constantBuffer;
-    private void* _constantBufferMappedData;
-
-    // Bindless texture resources
-    private ComPtr<ID3D12Resource>[] _textureResources;
-    private ComPtr<ID3D12DescriptorHeap> _bindlessHeap;
-    private ComPtr<ID3D12DescriptorHeap> _samplerHeap;
-    private CpuDescriptorHandle _bindlessHeapStart;
-    private GpuDescriptorHandle _bindlessHeapGpuStart;
-    private uint _descriptorSize;
-
-    // Texture upload resources
-    private ComPtr<ID3D12Resource>[] _uploadBuffers;
-    private uint[] _textureWidths;
-    private uint[] _textureHeights;
-    private uint[] _texturePitches;
-    private bool _texturesUploaded = false;
-
-    // Texture file paths for this demo
-    private readonly string[] _textureFiles = [
-        "C:/Users/Misaki/Downloads/Im/Icon.png",
-        "C:/Users/Misaki/Downloads/Im/Backdrop.jpg",
-        "C:/Users/Misaki/Downloads/Im/101167591_p0.png",
-        "C:/Users/Misaki/Downloads/Im/yande.re 1134666 blue_archive nakamasa_ichika sugarhigh.jpg"
-    ];
-
-    // Constant buffer data structure
-    private struct ConstantBufferData
-    {
-        public System.Numerics.Vector4 Color;
-        public uint TextureIndex1;
-        public uint TextureIndex2;
-        public uint TextureIndex3;
-        public uint TextureIndex4;
-    }
-
-    public void Initialize(CommandList cmd)
-    {
-        _mesh = MeshBuilder.CreateCube(0.75f);
-        _mesh.UploadMeshData();
-
-        CreateModernBindlessShader();
-        CreateConstantBuffer();
-        CreateBindlessTextures();
-        UploadTextureData(cmd);
-        UpdateConstantBuffer();
-    }
-
-    private void CreateModernBindlessShader()
-    {
-        var device = GraphicsPipeline.GraphicsDevice.NativeDevice.Ptr;
-
-        var vsCode = CompileShaderDXC(_HLSL_SOURCE, "VSMain", "vs_6_6");
-        var psCode = CompileShaderDXC(_HLSL_SOURCE, "PSMain", "ps_6_6");
-
-        CreateModernBindlessRootSignature();
-        CreatePipelineState(vsCode, psCode);
-    }
-
-    private byte[] CompileShaderDXC(string source, string entryPoint, string profile)
-    {
-        using ComPtr<IDxcCompiler3> compiler = default;
-        using ComPtr<IDxcUtils> utils = default;
-
-        // Create DXC compiler and utils
-        DxcCreateInstance(CLSID_DxcCompiler, __uuidof<IDxcCompiler3>(), compiler.GetVoidAddressOf());
-        DxcCreateInstance(CLSID_DxcUtils, __uuidof<IDxcUtils>(), utils.GetVoidAddressOf());
-
-        // Create source blob
-        using ComPtr<IDxcBlobEncoding> sourceBlob = default;
-        var sourceBytes = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);
-        fixed (byte* sourceBytesPtr = sourceBytes)
-        {
-            utils.Get()->CreateBlob(sourceBytesPtr, (uint)sourceBytes.Length, DXC_CP_UTF8, sourceBlob.GetAddressOf());
-        }
-
-        // Prepare compilation arguments
-        var argsArray = new string[]
-        {
-            "-T", profile,           // Target profile (vs_6_6, ps_6_6)
-            "-E", entryPoint,        // Entry point
-            "-HV", "2021",           // HLSL version 2021 (required for SM 6.6)
-            "-enable-16bit-types",   // Enable 16-bit types
-            "-O3",                   // Optimization level
-            "-Qstrip_debug",         // Strip debug info for release
-            "-Qstrip_reflect"        // Strip reflection info for release
-        };
-
-        // Convert to wide strings (DXC expects LPCWSTR)
-        var wideArgs = new nuint[argsArray.Length];
-        var argPointers = new IntPtr[argsArray.Length];
-
-        for (var i = 0; i < argsArray.Length; i++)
-        {
-            argPointers[i] = Marshal.StringToHGlobalUni(argsArray[i]);
-            wideArgs[i] = (nuint)argPointers[i];
-        }
-
-        try
-        {
-            // Compile shader
-            using ComPtr<IDxcResult> result = default;
-            fixed (nuint* argsPtr = wideArgs)
-            {
-                var buffer = new DxcBuffer
-                {
-                    Ptr = sourceBlob.Get()->GetBufferPointer(),
-                    Size = sourceBlob.Get()->GetBufferSize(),
-                    Encoding = DXC_CP_UTF8
-                };
-
-                compiler.Get()->Compile(&buffer, (char**)argsPtr, (uint)argsArray.Length, null, __uuidof<IDxcResult>(), result.GetVoidAddressOf());
-            }
-
-            // Check compilation result
-            HResult hrStatus;
-            result.Get()->GetStatus(&hrStatus);
-            if (hrStatus.Failure)
-            {
-                // Get error messages
-                using ComPtr<IDxcBlobEncoding> errorBlob = default;
-                result.Get()->GetErrorBuffer(errorBlob.GetAddressOf());
-
-                if (errorBlob.Get() != null)
-                {
-                    var errorMessage = Marshal.PtrToStringUni((IntPtr)errorBlob.Get()->GetBufferPointer());
-                    throw new Exception($"DXC shader compilation failed: {errorMessage}");
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    throw new Exception("DXC shader compilation failed with unknown error");
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Get compiled bytecode
-            using ComPtr<IDxcBlob> bytecodeBlob = default;
-            result.Get()->GetResult(bytecodeBlob.GetAddressOf());
-
-            if (bytecodeBlob.Get() == null)
-            {
-                throw new Exception("DXC compilation succeeded but no bytecode was produced");
-            }
-
-            // Copy bytecode to managed array
-            var bytecodeSize = (int)bytecodeBlob.Get()->GetBufferSize();
-            var bytecode = new byte[bytecodeSize];
-
-            fixed (byte* bytecodePtr = bytecode)
-            {
-                Buffer.MemoryCopy(bytecodeBlob.Get()->GetBufferPointer(), bytecodePtr, bytecodeSize, bytecodeSize);
-            }
-
-            return bytecode;
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            // Free allocated wide strings
-            for (var i = 0; i < argPointers.Length; i++)
-            {
-                Marshal.FreeHGlobal(argPointers[i]);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void CreateModernBindlessRootSignature()
-    {
-        var device = GraphicsPipeline.GraphicsDevice.NativeDevice.Ptr;
-
-        // Modern approach: Only CBV + Sampler, no descriptor tables needed
-        // The CBV_SRV_UAV_HEAP_DIRECTLY_INDEXED flag allows direct heap access
-        var rootParameters = new RootParameter1[2];
-
-        // CBV for constant buffer
-        rootParameters[0] = new RootParameter1
-        {
-            ParameterType = RootParameterType.Cbv,
-            ShaderVisibility = ShaderVisibility.All,
-            Descriptor = new RootDescriptor1(0, 0), // b0
-        };
-
-        // Sampler descriptor table (still needed for samplers)
-        var samplerRanges = new DescriptorRange1[1];
-        samplerRanges[0] = new DescriptorRange1
-        {
-            RangeType = DescriptorRangeType.Sampler,
-            NumDescriptors = 1,
-            BaseShaderRegister = 0, // s0
-            RegisterSpace = 0,
-            Flags = DescriptorRangeFlags.None,
-            OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = 0
-        };
-
-        fixed (DescriptorRange1* samplerRangesPtr = samplerRanges)
-        {
-            rootParameters[1] = new RootParameter1
-            {
-                ParameterType = RootParameterType.DescriptorTable,
-                ShaderVisibility = ShaderVisibility.All,
-                DescriptorTable = new RootDescriptorTable1(1, samplerRangesPtr)
-            };
-        }
-
-        // Create root signature with the modern flag
-        fixed (RootParameter1* rootParamsPtr = rootParameters)
-        {
-            var rootSignatureDesc = new RootSignatureDescription1
-            {
-                NumParameters = (uint)rootParameters.Length,
-                pParameters = rootParamsPtr,
-                NumStaticSamplers = 0,
-                pStaticSamplers = null,
-                // Key difference: Use the modern flag for direct heap indexing
-                Flags = RootSignatureFlags.AllowInputAssemblerInputLayout |
-                       RootSignatureFlags.CbvSrvUavHeapDirectlyIndexed
-            };
-
-            var versionedDesc = new VersionedRootSignatureDescription
-            {
-                Version = RootSignatureVersion.V1_1,
-                Desc_1_1 = rootSignatureDesc
-            };
-
-            using ComPtr<ID3DBlob> signature = default;
-            using ComPtr<ID3DBlob> error = default;
-
-            D3D12SerializeVersionedRootSignature(&versionedDesc, signature.GetAddressOf(), error.GetAddressOf());
-
-            device->CreateRootSignature(0, signature.Get()->GetBufferPointer(), signature.Get()->GetBufferSize(), __uuidof<ID3D12RootSignature>(), _rootSignature.GetVoidAddressOf());
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void CreatePipelineState(byte[] vsCode, byte[] psCode)
-    {
-        var device = GraphicsPipeline.GraphicsDevice.NativeDevice.Ptr;
-
-        fixed (byte* vsPtr = vsCode)
-        fixed (byte* psPtr = psCode)
-        {
-
-            var psoDesc = new GraphicsPipelineStateDescription
-            {
-                pRootSignature = _rootSignature.Get(),
-                VS = new ShaderBytecode(vsPtr, (nuint)vsCode.Length),
-                PS = new ShaderBytecode(psPtr, (nuint)psCode.Length),
-                InputLayout = D3D12PipelineResource.InputLayoutDescription,
-                RasterizerState = RasterizerDescription.CullNone,
-                BlendState = BlendDescription.Opaque,
-                DepthStencilState = DepthStencilDescription.Default,
-                SampleMask = uint.MaxValue,
-                PrimitiveTopologyType = PrimitiveTopologyType.Triangle,
-                NumRenderTargets = 1,
-                SampleDesc = new SampleDescription(1, 0),
-                DSVFormat = Format.Unknown,
-            };
-
-            // Fix: Use the correct swap chain back buffer format
-            psoDesc.RTVFormats[0] = D3D12PipelineResource.SWAP_CHAIN_BACK_BUFFER_FORMAT;
-
-            device->CreateGraphicsPipelineState(&psoDesc, __uuidof<ID3D12PipelineState>(), _pipelineState.GetVoidAddressOf());
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void CreateConstantBuffer()
-    {
-        var device = GraphicsPipeline.GraphicsDevice.NativeDevice.Ptr;
-
-        // Create constant buffer
-        var cbSize = (uint)((sizeof(ConstantBufferData) + 255) & ~255); // Align to 256 bytes
-        var heapProps = new HeapProperties(HeapType.Upload);
-        var bufferDesc = ResourceDescription.Buffer(cbSize);
-
-        device->CreateCommittedResource(
-            &heapProps,
-            HeapFlags.None,
-            &bufferDesc,
-            ResourceStates.GenericRead,
-            null,
-            __uuidof<ID3D12Resource>(),
-            _constantBuffer.GetVoidAddressOf()
-        );
-
-        // Map constant buffer
-        fixed (void** mappedDataPtr = &_constantBufferMappedData)
-        {
-            _constantBuffer.Get()->Map(0, null, mappedDataPtr);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void UpdateConstantBuffer()
-    {
-        var cbData = new ConstantBufferData
-        {
-            Color = new(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),
-            TextureIndex1 = 0,
-            TextureIndex2 = 1,
-            TextureIndex3 = 2,
-            TextureIndex4 = 3
-        };
-
-        *(ConstantBufferData*)_constantBufferMappedData = cbData;
-    }
-
-    private void CreateBindlessTextures()
-    {
-        var device = GraphicsPipeline.GraphicsDevice.NativeDevice.Ptr;
-        var textureCount = _textureFiles.Length;
-
-        // Initialize arrays
-        _textureResources = new ComPtr<ID3D12Resource>[textureCount];
-        _uploadBuffers = new ComPtr<ID3D12Resource>[textureCount];
-        _textureWidths = new uint[textureCount];
-        _textureHeights = new uint[textureCount];
-        _texturePitches = new uint[textureCount];
-
-        // Create bindless descriptor heap
-        var bindlessHeapDesc = new DescriptorHeapDescription
-        {
-            Type = DescriptorHeapType.CbvSrvUav,
-            NumDescriptors = 1000,
-            Flags = DescriptorHeapFlags.ShaderVisible
-        };
-
-        device->CreateDescriptorHeap(&bindlessHeapDesc, __uuidof<ID3D12DescriptorHeap>(), _bindlessHeap.GetVoidAddressOf());
-
-        // Create sampler heap
-        var samplerHeapDesc = new DescriptorHeapDescription
-        {
-            Type = DescriptorHeapType.Sampler,
-            NumDescriptors = 1,
-            Flags = DescriptorHeapFlags.ShaderVisible
-        };
-
-        device->CreateDescriptorHeap(&samplerHeapDesc, __uuidof<ID3D12DescriptorHeap>(), _samplerHeap.GetVoidAddressOf());
-
-        // Get descriptor handles
-        _bindlessHeapStart = _bindlessHeap.Get()->GetCPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
-        _bindlessHeapGpuStart = _bindlessHeap.Get()->GetGPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
-        _descriptorSize = device->GetDescriptorHandleIncrementSize(DescriptorHeapType.CbvSrvUav);
-
-        // Create sampler
-        var samplerDesc = new SamplerDescription
-        {
-            Filter = Filter.MinMagMipLinear,
-            AddressU = TextureAddressMode.Wrap,
-            AddressV = TextureAddressMode.Wrap,
-            AddressW = TextureAddressMode.Wrap,
-            MipLODBias = 0,
-            MaxAnisotropy = 1,
-            MinLOD = 0,
-            MaxLOD = float.MaxValue
-        };
-
-        // Set border color manually
-        samplerDesc.BorderColor[0] = 0;
-        samplerDesc.BorderColor[1] = 0;
-        samplerDesc.BorderColor[2] = 0;
-        samplerDesc.BorderColor[3] = 0;
-
-        var samplerHandle = _samplerHeap.Get()->GetCPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
-        device->CreateSampler(&samplerDesc, samplerHandle);
-
-        // Load and create textures
-        for (var i = 0; i < textureCount; i++)
-        {
-            CreateTextureResource(i);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void CreateTextureResource(int index)
-    {
-        var device = GraphicsPipeline.GraphicsDevice.NativeDevice.Ptr;
-
-        // Load image data
-        using var stream = new FileStream(_textureFiles[index], FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
-        var image = ImageResult.FromStream(stream, ColorComponents.RedGreenBlueAlpha);
-
-        var width = (uint)image.Width;
-        var height = (uint)image.Height;
-        uint bytesPerPixel = 4;
-        var pitch = width * bytesPerPixel;
-
-        // Store texture dimensions
-        _textureWidths[index] = width;
-        _textureHeights[index] = height;
-        _texturePitches[index] = (pitch + 255) & ~255u;
-
-        // Create texture resource
-        var textureDesc = new ResourceDescription
-        {
-            Dimension = ResourceDimension.Texture2D,
-            Alignment = 0,
-            Width = width,
-            Height = height,
-            DepthOrArraySize = 1,
-            MipLevels = 1,
-            Format = Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm,
-            SampleDesc = new SampleDescription(1, 0),
-            Layout = TextureLayout.Unknown,
-            Flags = ResourceFlags.None
-        };
-
-        var heapProps = new HeapProperties(HeapType.Default);
-        device->CreateCommittedResource(
-            &heapProps,
-            HeapFlags.None,
-            &textureDesc,
-            ResourceStates.CopyDest,
-            null,
-            __uuidof<ID3D12Resource>(),
-            _textureResources[index].GetVoidAddressOf()
-        );
-
-        // Create upload buffer
-        var uploadBufferSize = GetRequiredIntermediateSize(_textureResources[index].Get(), 0, 1);
-        var uploadHeapProps = new HeapProperties(HeapType.Upload);
-        var uploadBufferDesc = ResourceDescription.Buffer(uploadBufferSize);
-
-        device->CreateCommittedResource(
-            &uploadHeapProps,
-            HeapFlags.None,
-            &uploadBufferDesc,
-            ResourceStates.GenericRead,
-            null,
-            __uuidof<ID3D12Resource>(),
-            _uploadBuffers[index].GetVoidAddressOf()
-        );
-
-        // Map and copy texture data
-        void* mappedData = null;
-        _uploadBuffers[index].Get()->Map(0, null, &mappedData);
-
-        var srcData = image.Data.AsSpan();
-        var dstSpan = new Span<byte>(mappedData, (int)uploadBufferSize);
-
-        // Copy row by row with proper alignment
-        for (var y = 0; y < height; y++)
-        {
-            var srcRow = srcData.Slice(y * (int)pitch, (int)pitch);
-            var dstRow = dstSpan.Slice(y * (int)_texturePitches[index], (int)pitch);
-            srcRow.CopyTo(dstRow);
-        }
-
-        _uploadBuffers[index].Get()->Unmap(0, null);
-
-        // Create SRV in the bindless heap
-        var srvDesc = new ShaderResourceViewDescription
-        {
-            Format = Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm,
-            ViewDimension = Win32.Graphics.Direct3D12.SrvDimension.Texture2D,
-            Shader4ComponentMapping = D3D12_DEFAULT_SHADER_4_COMPONENT_MAPPING,
-            Texture2D = new Texture2DSrv
-            {
-                MostDetailedMip = 0,
-                MipLevels = 1,
-                PlaneSlice = 0,
-                ResourceMinLODClamp = 0.0f
-            }
-        };
-
-        // Calculate SRV handle for this texture
-        var srvHandle = new CpuDescriptorHandle
-        {
-            ptr = _bindlessHeapStart.ptr + (nuint)(index * _descriptorSize)
-        };
-
-        device->CreateShaderResourceView(_textureResources[index].Get(), &srvDesc, srvHandle);
-    }
-
-    private void UploadTextureData(CommandList cmd)
-    {
-        var commandList = cmd.NativeCommandList.Ptr;
-
-        for (var i = 0; i < _textureResources.Length; i++)
-        {
-            // Copy from upload buffer to texture
-            var srcLocation = new TextureCopyLocation(_uploadBuffers[i].Get(), new PlacedSubresourceFootprint
-            {
-                Offset = 0,
-                Footprint = new SubresourceFootprint
-                {
-                    Format = Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm,
-                    Width = _textureWidths[i],
-                    Height = _textureHeights[i],
-                    Depth = 1,
-                    RowPitch = _texturePitches[i]
-                }
-            });
-
-            var dstLocation = new TextureCopyLocation(_textureResources[i].Get(), 0);
-
-            commandList->CopyTextureRegion(&dstLocation, 0, 0, 0, &srcLocation, null);
-
-            // Transition texture to shader resource
-            var barrier = new ResourceBarrier
-            {
-                Type = ResourceBarrierType.Transition,
-                Flags = ResourceBarrierFlags.None,
-                Transition = new ResourceTransitionBarrier
-                {
-                    pResource = _textureResources[i].Get(),
-                    StateBefore = ResourceStates.CopyDest,
-                    StateAfter = ResourceStates.PixelShaderResource,
-                    Subresource = D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_ALL_SUBRESOURCES
-                }
-            };
-            commandList->ResourceBarrier(1, &barrier);
-        }
-
-        _texturesUploaded = true;
-    }
-
-    private static ulong GetRequiredIntermediateSize(ID3D12Resource* destinationResource, uint firstSubresource, uint numSubresources)
-    {
-        var device = GraphicsPipeline.GraphicsDevice.NativeDevice.Ptr;
-        var resourceDesc = destinationResource->GetDesc();
-
-        ulong requiredSize = 0;
-        device->GetCopyableFootprints(&resourceDesc, firstSubresource, numSubresources, 0, null, null, null, &requiredSize);
-
-        return requiredSize;
-    }
-
-    public void Execute(CommandList cmd)
-    {
-        var commandList = cmd.NativeCommandList.Ptr;
-
-        // Set root signature and pipeline state
-        commandList->SetGraphicsRootSignature(_rootSignature.Get());
-        commandList->SetPipelineState(_pipelineState.Get());
-
-        // Set descriptor heaps - this is crucial for modern bindless
-        var heaps = stackalloc ID3D12DescriptorHeap*[2];
-        heaps[0] = _bindlessHeap.Get();  // CBV_SRV_UAV heap for direct indexing
-        heaps[1] = _samplerHeap.Get();   // Sampler heap
-        commandList->SetDescriptorHeaps(2, heaps);
-
-        // Bind constant buffer
-        commandList->SetGraphicsRootConstantBufferView(0, _constantBuffer.Get()->GetGPUVirtualAddress());
-
-        // Bind sampler descriptor table
-        var samplerGpuHandle = _samplerHeap.Get()->GetGPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
-        commandList->SetGraphicsRootDescriptorTable(1, samplerGpuHandle);
-
-        // No need to explicitly bind texture descriptor table!
-        // The textures are accessed directly via ResourceDescriptorHeap[index]
-
-        // Draw mesh
-        commandList->IASetPrimitiveTopology(PrimitiveTopology.TriangleList);
-        commandList->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, _mesh!.VertexBufferView);
-        commandList->IASetIndexBuffer(_mesh.IndexBufferView);
-        commandList->DrawIndexedInstanced(_mesh.IndexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-    }
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        _mesh?.Dispose();
-
-        // Unmap constant buffer
-        if (_constantBuffer.Get() != null)
-        {
-            _constantBuffer.Get()->Unmap(0, null);
-        }
-
-        _pipelineState.Dispose();
-        _rootSignature.Dispose();
-        _constantBuffer.Dispose();
-
-        // Dispose texture resources
-        if (_textureResources != null)
-        {
-            for (var i = 0; i < _textureResources.Length; i++)
-            {
-                _textureResources[i].Dispose();
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Dispose upload buffers
-        if (_uploadBuffers != null)
-        {
-            for (var i = 0; i < _uploadBuffers.Length; i++)
-            {
-                _uploadBuffers[i].Dispose();
-            }
-        }
-
-        _bindlessHeap.Dispose();
-        _samplerHeap.Dispose();
-    }
-}

Ghost.Graphics/RenderPasses/MeshRenderPass.cs

@@ -1,32 +1,39 @@
-using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
+using Ghost.Graphics.Contracts;
 using Ghost.Graphics.D3D12;
 using Ghost.Graphics.Data;
 using Ghost.Graphics.Shading;
 using Ghost.Graphics.Utilities;
-using StbImageSharp;
-using Win32;
-using Win32.Graphics.Direct3D;
-using Win32.Graphics.Direct3D12;
-using Win32.Graphics.Dxgi.Common;
+using System.Numerics;
 
 namespace Ghost.Graphics.RenderPasses;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Simplified bindless mesh render pass using high-level bindless APIs with fully bindless vertex/index buffer access
+/// </summary>
 internal unsafe class MeshRenderPass : IRenderPass
 {
     private const string _HLSL_SOURCE = @"
 cbuffer ConstantBuffer : register(b0)
 {
     float4 _Color;
+    uint _TextureIndex1;
+    uint _TextureIndex2;
+    uint _TextureIndex3;
+    uint _TextureIndex4;
+    uint _VertexBufferIndex;
+    uint _IndexBufferIndex;
 };
 
-Texture2D _MainTex : register(t0);
+// SM 6.6 approach - direct access to global descriptor heap
 SamplerState _MainSampler : register(s0);
 
-struct VertexInput
+struct Vertex
 {
-    float4 position : POSITION;
-    float4 color    : COLOR;
-    float4 uv        : TEXCOORD0;
+    float4 position;
+    float4 normal;
+    float4 tangent;
+    float4 color;
+    float4 uv;
 };
 
 struct PixelInput
@@ -36,237 +43,105 @@ struct PixelInput
     float4 uv       : TEXCOORD0;
 };
 
-PixelInput VSMain(VertexInput input)
+// Bindless vertex shader that fetches vertex data from bindless buffers
+PixelInput VSMain(uint vertexId : SV_VertexID, uint instanceId : SV_InstanceID)
 {
+    // Get bindless buffers
+    ByteAddressBuffer vertexBuffer = ResourceDescriptorHeap[_VertexBufferIndex];
+    ByteAddressBuffer indexBuffer = ResourceDescriptorHeap[_IndexBufferIndex];
+    
+    // For fully bindless rendering, we use instanced drawing where:
+    // - Each instance represents a triangle (instanceId = triangle index)
+    // - vertexId goes from 0 to 2 (the 3 vertices of the triangle)
+    
+    // Calculate the index into the index buffer
+    uint indexOffset = (instanceId * 3 + vertexId) * 4; // 4 bytes per index (uint32)
+    uint vertexIndex = indexBuffer.Load(indexOffset);
+    
+    // Calculate the offset into the vertex buffer
+    uint vertexOffset = vertexIndex * 80; // 80 bytes per vertex (5 * float4)
+    
+    // Load vertex data from bindless vertex buffer
+    Vertex vertex;
+    vertex.position = asfloat(vertexBuffer.Load4(vertexOffset + 0));
+    vertex.normal = asfloat(vertexBuffer.Load4(vertexOffset + 16));
+    vertex.tangent = asfloat(vertexBuffer.Load4(vertexOffset + 32));
+    vertex.color = asfloat(vertexBuffer.Load4(vertexOffset + 48));
+    vertex.uv = asfloat(vertexBuffer.Load4(vertexOffset + 64));
+    
+    // Output transformed vertex
     PixelInput output;
-    output.position = input.position;
-    output.color = input.color;
-    output.uv = input.uv;
+    output.position = vertex.position;
+    output.color = vertex.color;
+    output.uv = vertex.uv;
     return output;
 }
 
 float4 PSMain(PixelInput input) : SV_TARGET
 {
-    return _MainTex.Sample(_MainSampler, input.uv.xy);
+    // SM 6.6 Modern Bindless Approach:
+    // ResourceDescriptorHeap[index] directly accesses any texture in the heap
+    Texture2D tex1 = ResourceDescriptorHeap[_TextureIndex1];
+    Texture2D tex2 = ResourceDescriptorHeap[_TextureIndex2];
+    Texture2D tex3 = ResourceDescriptorHeap[_TextureIndex3];
+    Texture2D tex4 = ResourceDescriptorHeap[_TextureIndex4];
+    
+    // Sample the textures
+    float4 color1 = tex1.Sample(_MainSampler, input.uv.xy);
+    float4 color2 = tex2.Sample(_MainSampler, input.uv.xy);
+    float4 color3 = tex3.Sample(_MainSampler, input.uv.xy);
+    float4 color4 = tex4.Sample(_MainSampler, input.uv.xy);
+    
+    // Blend all textures together (simple average)
+    float4 blendedColor = (color1 + color2 + color3 + color4) * 0.25f;
+    
+    return blendedColor * _Color;
 }
 ";
 
+    // High-level bindless objects
     private Mesh? _mesh;
     private Shader? _shader;
     private Material? _material;
+    private Texture2D[]? _textures;
 
-    // Direct D3D12 resources for texture
-    private ComPtr<ID3D12Resource> _textureResource;
-    private ComPtr<ID3D12DescriptorHeap> _srvHeap;
-    private CpuDescriptorHandle _srvHandle;
-    private GpuDescriptorHandle _srvGpuHandle;
-    private uint _srvDescriptorSize;
-
-    // Additional fields for deferred texture upload
-    private ComPtr<ID3D12Resource> _uploadBuffer;
-    private uint _textureWidth;
-    private uint _textureHeight;
-    private uint _texturePitch;
-    private bool _textureUploaded = false;
+    // Texture file paths for this demo
+    private readonly string[] _textureFiles = [
+        "C:/Users/Misaki/Downloads/Im/Icon.png",
+        "C:/Users/Misaki/Downloads/Im/Backdrop.jpg",
+        "C:/Users/Misaki/Downloads/Im/101167591_p0.png",
+        "C:/Users/Misaki/Downloads/Im/yande.re 1134666 blue_archive nakamasa_ichika sugarhigh.jpg"
+    ];
 
     public void Initialize(CommandList cmd)
     {
-        _mesh = MeshBuilder.CreateCube(0.25f);
+        _mesh = MeshBuilder.CreateCube(0.75f);
         _mesh.UploadMeshData();
 
-        _shader = new(_HLSL_SOURCE);
-        _material = new(_shader);
+        _shader = new Shader(_HLSL_SOURCE);
+        _material = new Material(_shader);
 
-        // Create direct D3D12 texture resources
-        CreateTextureDirectly();
-
-        _material.UploadMaterialData();
-
-        // Copy from upload buffer to texture
-        var srcLocation = new TextureCopyLocation(_uploadBuffer.Get(), new PlacedSubresourceFootprint
+        _textures = new Texture2D[_textureFiles.Length];
+        for (var i = 0; i < _textureFiles.Length; i++)
         {
-            Offset = 0,
-            Footprint = new SubresourceFootprint
-            {
-                Format = Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm,
-                Width = _textureWidth,
-                Height = _textureHeight,
-                Depth = 1,
-                RowPitch = _texturePitch
-            }
-        });
-
-        var dstLocation = new TextureCopyLocation(_textureResource.Get(), 0);
-
-        cmd.NativeCommandList.Ptr->CopyTextureRegion(&dstLocation, 0, 0, 0, &srcLocation, null);
-
-        // Transition texture to shader resource
-        var barrier = new ResourceBarrier
-        {
-            Type = ResourceBarrierType.Transition,
-            Flags = ResourceBarrierFlags.None,
-            Transition = new ResourceTransitionBarrier
-            {
-                pResource = _textureResource.Get(),
-                StateBefore = ResourceStates.CopyDest,
-                StateAfter = ResourceStates.PixelShaderResource,
-                Subresource = D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_ALL_SUBRESOURCES
-            }
-        };
-        cmd.NativeCommandList.Ptr->ResourceBarrier(1, &barrier);
-    }
-
-    private void CreateTextureDirectly()
-    {
-        var device = GraphicsPipeline.GraphicsDevice.NativeDevice.Ptr;
-
-        // Load image data
-        using var stream = new FileStream("C:/Users/Misaki/Downloads/Im/Icon.png", FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
-        var image = ImageResult.FromStream(stream, ColorComponents.RedGreenBlueAlpha);
-
-        var width = (uint)image.Width;
-        var height = (uint)image.Height;
-        uint bytesPerPixel = 4; // RGBA
-        var pitch = width * bytesPerPixel;
-        var textureSize = pitch * height;
-
-        // Create the texture resource
-        var textureDesc = new ResourceDescription
-        {
-            Dimension = ResourceDimension.Texture2D,
-            Alignment = 0,
-            Width = width,
-            Height = height,
-            DepthOrArraySize = 1,
-            MipLevels = 1,
-            Format = Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm,
-            SampleDesc = new SampleDescription(1, 0),
-            Layout = TextureLayout.Unknown,
-            Flags = ResourceFlags.None
-        };
-
-        var heapProps = new HeapProperties(HeapType.Default);
-        device->CreateCommittedResource(
-            &heapProps,
-            HeapFlags.None,
-            &textureDesc,
-            ResourceStates.CopyDest,
-            null,
-            __uuidof<ID3D12Resource>(),
-            _textureResource.GetVoidAddressOf()
-        );
-
-        // Create upload buffer
-        var uploadBufferSize = GetRequiredIntermediateSize(_textureResource.Get(), 0, 1);
-        var uploadHeapProps = new HeapProperties(HeapType.Upload);
-        var uploadBufferDesc = ResourceDescription.Buffer(uploadBufferSize);
-
-        ComPtr<ID3D12Resource> uploadBuffer = default;
-        device->CreateCommittedResource(
-            &uploadHeapProps,
-            HeapFlags.None,
-            &uploadBufferDesc,
-            ResourceStates.GenericRead,
-            null,
-            __uuidof<ID3D12Resource>(),
-            uploadBuffer.GetVoidAddressOf()
-        );
-
-        // Map and copy texture data
-        void* mappedData = null;
-        uploadBuffer.Get()->Map(0, null, &mappedData);
-
-        // Copy image data to upload buffer
-        var srcData = image.Data.AsSpan();
-        var dstSpan = new Span<byte>(mappedData, (int)uploadBufferSize);
-
-        // Copy row by row with proper alignment
-        var alignedPitch = (pitch + 255) & ~255u; // Align to 256 bytes
-        for (var y = 0; y < height; y++)
-        {
-            var srcRow = srcData.Slice(y * (int)pitch, (int)pitch);
-            var dstRow = dstSpan.Slice(y * (int)alignedPitch, (int)pitch);
-            srcRow.CopyTo(dstRow);
+            _textures[i] = Texture2D.FromFile(_textureFiles[i]);
+            _textures[i].UploadTextureData();
         }
 
-        uploadBuffer.Get()->Unmap(0, null);
-
-        // We'll copy the texture data during Execute phase when we have access to command list
-        // Store the upload buffer for later use
-        _uploadBuffer = uploadBuffer.Move();
-        _textureWidth = width;
-        _textureHeight = height;
-        _texturePitch = alignedPitch;
-
-        // Create SRV descriptor heap
-        var srvHeapDesc = new DescriptorHeapDescription
+        _material.SetVector("_Color", new Vector4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));
+        for (var i = 0; i < _textures.Length; i++)
         {
-            Type = DescriptorHeapType.CbvSrvUav,
-            NumDescriptors = 1,
-            Flags = DescriptorHeapFlags.ShaderVisible
-        };
+            var texture = _textures[i];
+            _material.SetTextureIndex($"_TextureIndex{i + 1}", texture);
+        }
 
-        device->CreateDescriptorHeap(&srvHeapDesc, __uuidof<ID3D12DescriptorHeap>(), _srvHeap.GetVoidAddressOf());
-
-        // Get descriptor handles
-        _srvHandle = _srvHeap.Get()->GetCPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
-        _srvGpuHandle = _srvHeap.Get()->GetGPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
-        _srvDescriptorSize = device->GetDescriptorHandleIncrementSize(DescriptorHeapType.CbvSrvUav);
-
-        // Create SRV
-        var srvDesc = new ShaderResourceViewDescription
-        {
-            Format = Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm,
-            ViewDimension = Win32.Graphics.Direct3D12.SrvDimension.Texture2D,
-            Shader4ComponentMapping = D3D12_DEFAULT_SHADER_4_COMPONENT_MAPPING,
-            Texture2D = new Texture2DSrv
-            {
-                MostDetailedMip = 0,
-                MipLevels = 1,
-                PlaneSlice = 0,
-                ResourceMinLODClamp = 0.0f
-            }
-        };
-
-        device->CreateShaderResourceView(_textureResource.Get(), &srvDesc, _srvHandle);
-    }
-
-    private static ulong GetRequiredIntermediateSize(ID3D12Resource* destinationResource, uint firstSubresource, uint numSubresources)
-    {
-        var device = GraphicsPipeline.GraphicsDevice.NativeDevice.Ptr;
-        var resourceDesc = destinationResource->GetDesc();
-
-        ulong requiredSize = 0;
-        device->GetCopyableFootprints(&resourceDesc, firstSubresource, numSubresources, 0, null, null, null, &requiredSize);
-
-        return requiredSize;
+        _material.SetMeshBufferIndices(_mesh);
+        _material.UploadMaterialData();
     }
 
     public void Execute(CommandList cmd)
     {
-        var commandList = cmd.NativeCommandList.Ptr;
-
-        // Set root signature and pipeline state
-        commandList->SetGraphicsRootSignature(_material!.Shader.RootSignature);
-        commandList->SetPipelineState(_material.Shader.PipelineState);
-
-        // Set descriptor heap
-        var heaps = stackalloc ID3D12DescriptorHeap*[1];
-        heaps[0] = _srvHeap.Get();
-        commandList->SetDescriptorHeaps(1, heaps);
-
-        // Bind texture descriptor table directly
-        if (_material.Shader.Textures.Count > 0)
-        {
-            var textureInfo = _material.Shader.Textures[0];
-            commandList->SetGraphicsRootDescriptorTable(textureInfo.RootParameterIndex, _srvGpuHandle);
-        }
-
-        // Draw mesh
-        commandList->IASetPrimitiveTopology(PrimitiveTopology.TriangleList);
-        commandList->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, _mesh!.VertexBufferView);
-        commandList->IASetIndexBuffer(_mesh.IndexBufferView);
-        commandList->DrawIndexedInstanced(_mesh.IndexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+        cmd.DrawMesh(_mesh!, _material!);
     }
 
     public void Dispose()
@@ -275,8 +150,12 @@ float4 PSMain(PixelInput input) : SV_TARGET
         _shader?.Dispose();
         _material?.Dispose();
 
-        _textureResource.Dispose();
-        _uploadBuffer.Dispose();
-        _srvHeap.Dispose();
+        if (_textures != null)
+        {
+            foreach (var texture in _textures)
+            {
+                texture?.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
     }
-}
+}